A simple hydrothermal carbonization
method was used to synthesize
sulfonated carbon catalysts from glucose in reflux conditions. The
concentration of sulfuric acid played a specific role in preparing
sulfonated hydrothermal carbon microsphere (SHCS) and sulfonated hydrothermal
carbon (SHC) catalysts. All of the samples were characterized by X-ray
diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR),
scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller
(BET) analyses, and the influence of different reaction conditions
on 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) production from fructose was investigated
in microwave conditions. The effect of microwave input power and energy
efficiency on HMF formation was determined to understand the role
of sulfonated carbon catalysts in a water medium. Results showed that
the catalyst with a moderate sulfur content and spherical stacking
was beneficial to enhance the heat-transfer efficiency on the catalyst
surface during microwave-assisted heating, thus effectively enhancing
the energy efficiency of the fructose dehydration reaction. The optimum
reaction condition for HMF production was obtained at microwave input
power 60 W, reaction temperature 186 °C, and reaction time 10
min. At this condition, the HMF yield and the energy efficiency were
88.3 mol % and 0.147 mmol kJ–1, respectively. Furthermore,
the prepared catalyst showed good recyclability, wherein a simple
reactivation process could rapidly recover the catalyst activity with
1 M sulfuric acid solution. This work provides a way to design a potential
microwave-responsive catalyst that improves the energy efficiency
and HMF yield for the fructose–HMF conversion process.
Self-plasticized PVC materials (PVC-ML-g) were successfully prepared via grafting with a lauraldehyde-derived Mannich base and presented improved thermal stability and outstanding anti-migration ability.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.