The layer‐by‐layer (LBL) solution process is a potential technology for future application of polymer solar cells (PSCs), while the vertical composition distribution evolution of the LBL active layer is still unknown. In this work, taking advantage of the LBL method and inverted device structure, inverted LBL‐processed PSCs are fabricated with polymer donor PM6 and nonfullerene small‐molecule acceptor Y6. As‐prepared devices with PM6 as the bottom layer and Y6 as the top layer exhibit low power conversion efficiencies (PCEs), while the post‐treatment brings a significant boost on the device performance (from 8.5% to 14.4%). The vertical composition distribution evolution of LBL photoactive layer is investigated by the combination of surface atom distribution analysis via X‐ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) and composition distribution across the bulk of the films via neutron reflectivity (NR). The findings can potentially offer positive guidance for the further utilization of organic photovoltaics.
Ternary bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) polymer solar cells (PSCs) have been proved to show superior performance over binary BHJ PSCs. In this concise contribution, an octyl-substituted indacenodithieno[3,2-b] thiophene-based nonfullerene acceptor (O-ITIC), which is a derivative of ITIC but presents lower electron affinity, narrower optical band gap, and improved propensity to crystallize, is incorporated as a third component in the state-of-the-art PM6:Y6 binary BHJ blends to fabricate ternary BHJ solar cells. Results show that the optimized PM6:Y6:O-ITIC-based ternary BHJ solar cells reach higher power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 16.5% than that achieved in PM6:Y6- and PM6:O-ITIC-based binary solar cells with PCEs of 15.8 and 11.1%, respectively. Well-mixed acceptors phases and crystallite with a favorable face-on orientation are concurrently formed in the optimized ternary BHJ films. Consequently, more efficient exciton dissociation, improved and balanced charge transportation and extraction, and suppressed charge recombination losses occur in the optimized ternary BHJ devices with the aid of the third component O-ITIC. As a result, the optimized ternary devices demonstrate the lowest energy loss of 0.51 eV, an improved fill factor of 74.7%, and thus the highest PCE of 16.5%. This systematic study makes clear that rationally designed guest acceptors not only can provide additional channels for photon absorption and exciton dissociation but also can offer an effective strategy in tailoring the BHJ nanoscale morphology that are prerequisites for fast charge transportation, efficient charge extraction, and thus promising polymer solar cells.
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