The thick titanium nitrides coating was fabricated on LZ91 alloy by surface mechanical nanoalloying (SMNAT) combined with gas nitriding. Experimental results showed that a nanostructured titanium coating with thickness of 50-80 μm was formed on surface of LZ91 alloy by SMNAT with pure titanium powders for 30 min. By adding of the aluminium powders into titanium powders during the SMNAT, a thicker Ti-Al composite coating with improved continuity and uniformity was obtained. After nitriding at 450°C, the whole Ti and Ti-Al coating were successfully nitrided. The surface layer of nitrided Ti coated sample is mainly composed of TiN, Ti 2 N, TiN 0.3 , TiN 0.61 and Ti 4 N 2.33 phases and the surface layer of nitrided Ti-Al coated sample is composed of Ti 2 N, TiN 0.9 , TiN 0.3 , Ti 4 N 2.33 , AlN, Ti 3 Al 2 N 2 and AlTi 2 N phases. The hardness measurements demonstrated that the surface hardness of nitrided Ti coated and nitrided Ti-Al coated samples reached to 634 and 734 HV, respectively.
PurposeTo explore how the blockchain affects the pricing and financing decisions in a low-carbon platform supply chain.Design/methodology/approachConsidering the dual roles of the e-commerce platform as a seller and an initiator, a typical game-theoretical method is applied to analyze the behavior of supply chain decision-makers and the impact of key variables on equilibriums.FindingsWhen loan interest rates are symmetric, whether blockchain is used or not, the e-commerce platform financing mode will always produce higher wholesale price and unit carbon emission reduction, while the retail price is the opposite. Higher unit additional income brought by the blockchain can bring higher economic and environmental performances, and the e-commerce platform financing mode is superior to bank financing mode. The application of blockchain may cause the manufacturer to change his/her financing choice. For bank financing, with the increase of loan interest rates, the advantages brought by blockchain will gradually disappear, but this situation will not occur under e-commerce platform financing.Originality/valueBlockchain is known for its information transparency properties and its ability to enhance user trust. However, the impacts of applying blockchain in a low-carbon platform supply chain with different financing options are not clear. The authors examine the manufacturer's strategic choices for platform financing and bank financing, whether to adopt blockchain, and the impact of these decisions on carbon emissions reduction, consumer surplus and social welfare. The research conclusion can provide reference for the operation and financing decisions of platform supply chain under the carbon reduction target in the digital economy era.
Surface mechanical nano-alloying treatment (SMNAT) was employed to fabricate a nanostructured Ti coating on LZ91 Mg–Li alloy. Microstructure, surface hardness and in-vitro biocompatibility of the Ti-coated sample were investigated in comparison with those of an untreated sample. Experimental results showed that a nanostructured Ti coating with a thickness of 35 to 60 μm was formed after SMNAT for 2 h. The average grain size in the top surface of the Ti coating was about 30 nm. The surface of the Ti coating is rougher than that of the untreated LZ91 sample, in which the values of Ra, Rq and Rz were 7.83, 9.57 and 14.85 μm, respectively. The hardness of the Ti coating top surface was about 483 HV. Cell proliferation and differentiation on Ti coated samples were enhanced relative to those on the untreated samples.
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