Objective. We want to explore the changing law of circulating histones in the acute stage of urosepsis and to find more sensitive and specific biomarkers for diagnosing urosepsis as early as possible. Methods. Twenty healthy male New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into 4 groups ( N = 5 ): the control group, sham group, model group of LPS 600 μg/kg, and model group of LPS 1000 μg/kg. Heart rate (HR), respiration rate (RR), rectal temperature (T), and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were examined at 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 hours after operation. Besides, peripheral blood cell counts (RBC, WBC, PLT, and Hb) and C reaction protein (CRP) were tested at 1, 3, and 6 hours after operation, while the levels of histone H3, MMP-9, TIMP-1, and procalcitonin (PCT) in the serum were tested at 1, 3, and 6 hours after operation by ELISA. The heart, left lung, liver, and left kidney were harvested for HE stain and observed to research the pathological change of these tissues. Results. (1) The general status of rabbits: rabbits in the control and sham groups came out in 2 h after operation and regain to drink and eat in 12-24 h after operation. State of the rabbits in the control group was better than that in the sham group. Rabbits in the model groups were languid after operation and stopped to drink and eat. (2) Vital signs of rabbits: there was no statistic difference in HR ( P = 0.238 ) and RR ( P = 0.813 ) among all groups. MAP of the model groups decreased at 3 h postoperative, but transient ( P < 0.001 ). The T of the LPS 1000 group decreased at 6 h postoperative ( P = 0.003 ). (3) The change of biomarkers: H3 level of the LPS groups in the serum increased at 1 h postoperative ( P < 0.01 ); MMP-9 of the LPS 1000 group increased at 1 h postoperative ( P < 0.01 ); WBC of the model groups decreased at 3 h postoperative ( P < 0.05 ); PLT of the LPS 1000 group is significantly increased at 1 h postoperative ( P < 0.05 ); no statistic difference was found in CRP, PCT, and TIMP-1 among all groups. (4) Pathological sections: no abnormal performance was found in the control and sham groups. Glomerulus of the model groups was out of shape and necrosis with obvious renal tubule expansion. Pulmonary pathology showed alveolar septum diffuse increased and inflammatory infiltrate. Change of the LPS 1000 group was more serious than that of the LPS 600 group. Conclusions. Ligating the ureter after an injection of 1000 μg/kg LPS into the ureter of the rabbit can establish the animal model of urosepsis. Histone H3 increase immediately at 1 h postoperative and are promised to be biomarkers of urosepsis, which are more effective than WBC, CRP, and PCT.

Aldosterone (ALDO) is a primary endogenous mineralocorticoid, appearing as the main hormone controlling sodium and water homeostasis. Its emerging role in the development of many organs has gained interest over the past few years. In the testis, Leydig cells contain mineralocorticoid receptors and ALDO stimulates androgen synthesis via the mineralocorticoid receptors in rat adult Leydig cells. Although ALDO pharmacologically promoted the Leydig cell function, its role in Leydig cell development was unclear. In the present study, we investigated effects of ALDO on rat stem Leydig cell (SLC) proliferation and differentiation. Using an in vitro culture system of the seminiferous tubules from Leydig cell-depleted testis and EdU (a modified thymidine analog) incorporation into the SLC for flurorescent labeling to judge its DNA synthesis and measurement of medium testosterone production, steroidogenesis-related gene and protein expression, we found that: (1) ALDO suppressed EdU incorporation into SLCs at 100 nM via mineralocorticoid receptor-mediated mechanism and (2) ALDO reduced Leydig cell number. In conclusion, ALDO pharmacologically blocked rat SLC development.

Background It is an established fact that excess of glucocorticoids could cause the harmful effects, such as suppression on the male reproduction. Although glucocorticoids pharmacologically inhibit the Leydig cell function, their roles in Leydig cell development are unclear. Therefore, the present study was designed to investigate effects of synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone (DEX) on rat stem Leydig cell proliferation and differentiation. Methods Male Sprague-Dawley rats received a single intraperitoneal injection of 75 mg/kg EDS to eliminate Leydig cells and an in vitro culture system of the seminiferous tubules was established from Leydig cell-depleted testis. Using basal medium and Leydig cell differentiation-inducing medium (LIM) in the culture system, we examined the effects of DEX (0–100 nM) on the proliferation and differentiation of the stem Leydig cells in vitro , respectively. Results Results showed that LIM is a good agent to induce stem Leydig cell differentiation into Leydig cells that produce testosterone in vitro . DEX inhibited the differentiation of stem Leydig cells by reducing the expression levels of Cyp17a1 and Scarb1 and that NR3C1 antagonist RU38486 reversed the DEX-mediated effects. However, DEX are not involved with the proliferation of stem Leydig cells. Conclusions DEX suppressed the differentiation of rat Leydig cells in vitro and glucocorticoid-induced effects acted through NR3C1. This suppression partially targets on Cyp17a1 and Scarb1 gene expression.