This paper considers the influence of different carbon emission policies for liner shipping. The transportation optimization models under four different forms of carbon emission policies (no carbon emissions constraints, carbon emissions tax, carbon caps, and carbon cap-and-trade) are developed. A real case is given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed models and comparative analysis of the impact of different carbon emission policies on shipowner’s profit and ship carbon emission. It is shown that the carbon caps form is the most direct method for reducing emission; the form of carbon emissions tax is a mandatory measure, which has the greatest impact on the profit of shipping companies; carbon cap-and-trade forms have weaker emission reduction effects, it is easier for enterprises to actively implement emission reductions and be highly motivated in the long run.
Climate change is a major environmental issue facing humanity today, and the International Maritime Organization has accelerated the formulation of greenhouse gas emission policies. This study considers different carbon emission policies to construct an optimization model for container shipping, design an improved Whale Swarm Algorithm to solve related issues, and use the marginal carbon abatement cost method to analyze the deep-seated reasons for the optimization of liner shipping according to different carbon emission policies, thereby revealing the underlying reasons of emission-reduction decisions. The conclusions reveal that both kinds of carbon emission policies will reduce the profits of companies, the average speed of shipping, and carbon emissions. The carbon tax model has the greatest impact on the profits of shipping companies, and carbon cap-and-trade is easier to obtain support from enterprises. Sensitivity analysis shows that the implementation of carbon cap-and-trade or a carbon tax policy is closely and complexly related to the carbon trading price, carbon tax rate, fuel price, and ship size, and there is uncertainty.
In recent years, liner-shipping companies have faced a traditional trade-off between cost and emission (CO2 and SOX) reduction. This study considers this element to construct a liner-shipping network design model which includes a package-cargo transport plan, route allocation, and route design. The objective is to maximize profit by selecting the ports to be visited, the sequence of port visits, the cargo flows between ports, and the number/operating speeds of vessels. In addition, emission control areas (ECAs) exist in the liner network. With reference to the idea of the column generation algorithm, this study proposed a heuristic algorithm based on empirical data through a real case calculation and selected the optimal scheme, which is in-line with both economic and environmental benefits. The results show that the model and optimization method are feasible and provide an effective solution for the liner network design of shipping companies, while also considering environmental factors. In addition, the effects of the number of ECAs, inter-port origin-destination (OD) demand, freight rate, fuel price, and carbon prices on the design of transport networks are discussed to provide a reference for the operation of shipping companies and government decision-making.
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