Due to its high efficiency and low power consumption, switched‐mode power supply (SMPS) represents the development trend of the stabilized voltage power supply. However, tolerance has become one of the key factors in the design of SMPS because of the process fluctuation of electronic components, unstable input parameters of the circuit system, influence of working conditions and environment, and the effect of aging. In order to improve the reliability of SMPS and reduce the manufacturing cost, this paper proposes a reliability analysis and optimization design method based on the tolerance and sensitivity analysis. Finally, this method is applied to the tolerance design for the positive switching power supply of the SMPS circuits, and the optimal tolerance design scheme is obtained. Furthermore, the reliability and probability density curves are evaluated.
Marine boundary layer (MBL) clouds have been a topic of active research during recent decades owing to their central role in the Earth's energy budget (Hartmann et al., 1992). Their occurrence is preferentially over the global ocean, with distinct local maxima in cloud coverage located off the western edge of the continents in
Clouds substantially impact the Earth system's radiative balance (Brunke et al., 2010). Their radiative impact on the Earth's energy balance is one of the largest uncertainties in the Earth system (Boucher et al., 2013). There has long been a large spread in simulated cloud feedbacks (Bony & Dufresne, 2005), resulting from a high uncertainty in the simulation of clouds in Earth system models (ESMs) (Bony et al., 2006). This uncertainty stems from a wide spread in the simulation of cloud characteristics like liquid and ice water paths (Kormurcu et al., 2014).Cloud simulation uncertainty also stems from the representation of droplet activation and ice nucleation (Choi et al., 2010(Choi et al., , 2014. Cloud droplets form around aerosols that have been activated called cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). This connection between aerosols and cloud formation is one critical aspect of aerosol-cloud interactions (ACI). There is the long recognized indirect effect of a decrease in cloud droplet radius owing to increased cloud droplet number concentration (at fixed liquid water content) with an increase in aerosol concentration. The increased cloud droplet number results in higher cloud albedo (Twomey, 1977) and decreased precipitation efficiency, which is speculated to increase cloud lifetime (Albrecht, 1989) as long as the air above-cloud is humid enough (Ackerman et al., 2004).Turbulent eddies strongly influence ACI and are critical to the maintenance of boundary layer clouds (Seinfeld et al., 2016). The strength of these eddies below clouds is characterized by turbulence kinetic energy (TKE), which determines updraft velocity at cloud base (Zhang et al., 2021). Updraft velocity controls the amount of
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