Iodophor (povidone-iodine) has been widely used for antibacterial applications in the clinic. Yet, limited progress in the field of iodine-based bactericides has been achieved since the invention of iodophor. Herein, a blue polyvinyl alcohol-iodine (PAI) complex-based antibacterial hydrogel is explored as a new generation of biocompatible iodine-based bactericides. The obtained PAI hydrogel maintains laser triggered liquefaction, thermochromic, and photothermal features for highly efficient elimination of bacteria. In vitro antibacterial test reveals that the relative bacteria viabilities of Escherichia coli (E.coli) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) incubated with PAI hydrogel are only 8% and 3.8%, respectively. Upon single injection of the PAI hydrogel, MRSA-infected open wounds can be efficiently healed in only 5 days, and the healing speed is further accelerated by laser irradiation due to the dynamic interaction between iodine and polyvinyl alcohol, causing up to ∼29% of wound area being closed on day 1. In addition, a safe threshold temperature of skin scald (∼45°C) emerges for PAI hydrogels because of thermochromic properties, avoiding thermal injuries during irradiation. In addition, no observed toxicity or skin irritation is observed for the PAI hydrogel. This work expands the category of iodine-based bactericides for safe and controllable management of infected wounds.
Elemental sulfur is the oldest known antimicrobial agent. However, conventional sulfur in the clinic suffers from poor aqueous solubility and limited antibacterial activity, greatly hindering its practical use. Herein, we report a reform strategy coupling dimension engineering with chirality transfer to convert conventional 3D sulfur particles into chiral 2D sulfur nanosheets (S-NSs), which exhibit 50-fold improvement of antibacterial capability and dualselective inhibition against Gram-positive bacteria. Benefiting from the inherent selectivity of S-NSs and chirality selectivity from decorated Dhistidine, the obtained chiral S-NSs are proven to precisely kill Gram-positive drug-resistant bacteria, while no obvious bacterial inhibition is observed for Gram-negative bacteria. Mechanism studies reveal that S-NSs produce numerous reactive oxygen specipoes and hydrogen sulfide after incubation with bacteria, thus causing bacterial membrane destruction, respiratory chain damage, and ATP production inhibition. Upon spraying chiral S-NSs dispersions onto MRSA-infected wounds, the skin healing process was greatly accelerated in 8 days due to metabolism inhibition and oxidative damage of bacteria, indicating the excellent treatment efficiency of MRSA-infected wounds. This work converts the traditional well-known sulfur into modern antibacterial agents with a superior Gram-selectivity bactericidal capability.
The status of the lubricating oil transport in the piston skirt-cylinder liner has important influence on the lubrication of piston assembly frictional pair, the consumption of lubricating oil, the emission, and the performance degradation of lubrication oil. In this paper, based on the model of piston secondary motion, fluid lubrication and lubricating oil flow, the status of the lubricating oil transport between the piston skirt and the cylinder liner on different engine operating condition is calculated, and the quantity of lubricating oil retained on the surface of cylinder liner is mainly analyzed when the piston skirt moves from the top dead center to the bottom dead center. The results show that the variation of the quantity of retained lubricating oil is almost same in the corresponding stroke on different engine operating condition; the quantity of retained lubricating oil is dissimilar at different moment and is equal in principle at the piston top and bottom dead center. The quantity of lubricating oil retention is dissimilar at different moment in the intake stroke or expansion stroke, but the quantity of lubricating oil retention is equal in principle at the top and bottom dead center on different engine operating condition. When the engine is on the same load condition, as the engine rotational speed increasing, the quantity of retained lubricating oil is decreased in the whole intake stroke and the middle and later parts of expansion stroke, but the quantity of retained lubricating oil is increased in the front part of expansion stroke. When the engine is on the same rotational speed condition, the quantity of retained lubricating oil increases with the increasing engine load in the front part of expansion stroke, it does not vary with the engine load in principle in the middle and later part of expansion stroke, the variation that the quantity of retained lubricating oil varies with the engine load is dissimilar in the intake stroke on different engine rotational speed condition.
Microwave ablation (MWA) is a novel treatment modality that can lead to the death of tumor cells by heating the ions and polar molecules in the tissue through high‐speed vibration and friction. However, the single hyperthermia is not sufficient to completely inhibit tumor growth. Herein, a thermodynamic cancer‐therapeutic modality has been fabricated which could be able to overcome hypoxia's limitations in the tumor microenvironment. Using thermo‐sensitive liposomes (TSLs) and oxygen‐independent radical generators (2,2’‐azobis[2‐(2‐imidazolin‐2‐yl)propane]dihydrochloride [AIPH]), a nano‐drug delivery system denoted as ATSL is developed for efficient sequential cancer treatment. Under the microwave field, the temperature rise of local tissue could not only lead to the damage of tumor cells but also induce the release of AIPH encapsulated in ATSL to produce free radicals, eliciting tumor cell death. In addition, the ATSL developed here would avoid the side effects caused by the uncontrolled diffusion of AIPH to normal tissues. The ATSLs have shown excellent therapeutic effects both in vitro and in vivo, suggesting its highly promising potential for clinic.
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