Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) conductive glass was modified by layer-by-layer modification of chitosan (CS) and aFe 2 O 3 nanoparticles. Lactic acid bacteria were the source of electrons in the studied microbial fuel cells (MFCs) system. When ITO/(CS/a-Fe 2 O 3 ) 4 /CS was the anode, external resistance was 626.6 O, while maximum current and maximum power density were 1.16 mA and 0.122 W/m 2 , respectively. These values were far higher than already reported results. Atomic force microscope image proved that ITO/(CS/a-Fe 2 O 3 ) 4 /CS surface was rougher than blank ITO and ITO/(CS/a-Fe 2 O 3 ) 8 /CS surfaces, which enable it to have a higher specific surface area for the microbes to grow. For ITO/(CS/a-Fe 2 O 3 ) 4 /CS, physical properties played a leading role, while the chemical properties mainly determined the surface morphology of ITO/(CS/a-Fe 2 O 3 ) 8 /CS. Lactic acid bacteria in fermentation waste could improve the current of MFCs. Layer-by-layer assembly of CS/a-Fe 2 O 3 could significantly improve the performance of MFCs.
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