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By using a Reynolds-averaged two-dimensional computation of a turbulent flow over an airfoil at post-stall angles of attack, we show that the massively separated and disordered unsteady flow can be effectively controlled by periodic blowing-suction near the leading edge with low-level power input. This unsteady forcing can modulate the evolution of the separated shear layer to promote the formation of concentrated lifting vortices, which in turn interact with trailing-edge vortices in a favourable manner and thereby alter the global deep-stall flow field. In a certain range of poststall angles of attack and forcing frequencies, the unforced random separated flow can become periodic or quasi-periodic, associated with a significant lift enhancement. This opens a promising possibility for flight beyond the static stall to a much higher angle of attack. The same local control also leads, in some situations, to a reduction of drag. On a part of the airfoil the pressure fluctuation is suppressed as well, which would be beneficial for high-α buffet control. The computations are in qualitative agreement with several recent post-stall flow control experiments. The physical mechanisms responsible for post-stall flow control, as observed from the numerical data, are explored in terms of nonlinear mode competition and resonance, as well as vortex dynamics. The leading-edge shear layer and vortex shedding from the trailing edge are two basic constituents of unsteady post-stall flow and its control. Since the former has a rich spectrum of response to various disturbances, in a quite wide range the natural frequency of both constituents can shift and lock-in to the forcing frequency or its harmonics. Thus, most of the separated flow becomes resonant, associated with much more organized flow patterns. During this nonlinear process the coalescence of small vortices from the disturbed leading-edge shear layer is enhanced, causing a stronger entrainment and hence a stronger lifting vortex. Meanwhile, the unfavourable trailing-edge vortex is pushed downstream. The wake pattern also has a corresponding change: the shed vortices of alternate signs tend to be aligned, forming a train of close vortex couples with stronger downwash, rather than a Kármán street.

The effect of insoluble surface and interfacial surfactants on the inertialess instability of a two-fluid film flow down an inclined plane is investigated based on a normal mode analysis. The results reveal that the inertialess instability of relatively long waves can be predominantly weakened by a surface surfactant and enhanced by an interfacial surfactant. For sufficiently large viscosity ratio of the upper layer to the lower one, a destabilizing influence of the surface surfactant is also detected; this is thus a rare example demonstrating the possible destabilizing effect of the surfactant on the flow with a free surface. When the upper layer is less viscous and hence the instability due to the viscosity stratification disappears, a new instability can be triggered by the presence of an interfacial surfactant. Both the surfactants on the surface and the interface can stabilize or destabilize the short-wave instabilities, which occur for negligible surface and interfacial tensions.

In this paper, the viscous coupling effects for immiscible two-phase ͑gas-liquid͒ flow in porous media were studied using the Shan-Chen-type single-component multiphase lattice Boltzmann model. Using the model, the two-phase flows in porous media with density ratio as high as 56 could be simulated and the contact angle of the gas-liquid interface at a solid wall is adjustable. To investigate viscous coupling effects, the co-and countercurrent steady-state two-phase flow patterns and relative permeabilities as a function of wetting saturation were obtained for different capillary numbers, wettabilities, and viscosity ratios. The cocurrent relative permeabilities seem usually larger than the countercurrent ones. The opposing drag-force effect and different pore-level saturation distributions in co-and countercurrent flows may contribute to this difference. It is found that for both co-and countercurrent flows, for strongly wet cases and viscosity ratio M Ͼ 1, k nw increase with the driving force and the viscosity ratio. However, for neutrally wet cases, the variations of k nw and k w are more complex. It is also observed that different initial pore-level saturation distributions may affect final steady-state distribution, and hence the relative permeabilities. Using the cocurrent and countercurrent steady flow experiments to determine the generalized relative permeabilities seems not correct.

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Effects of insoluble surfactants on the stability of film flow driven by an oscillatory plate are investigated in the limit of long-wavelength perturbations. Two particular Floquet modes are identified and the corresponding growth rates are obtained by solving a quadratic equation. Results show that the oscillatory film flow can be stabilized by surface surfactant in the sense of raising the critical Froude number and narrowing the bandwidths of the unstable frequencies.

SUMMARYIn this paper, the Shan-Chen-type (SC) multiphase lattice Boltzmann model was used to study the viscous coupling effects for immiscible two-phase flow in porous media. In the model, any typical equation of state can be incorporated and different contact angles of the gas-liquid interface at a solid wall can be obtained easily through adjusting the 'density of wall ' (Benzi et al., Phys. Rev. E 2006; 74 (2):021509).The viscous coupling effects due to capillary number, the viscosity ratio and the wetting angle were investigated. The two-phase flows with density ratio as high as 56 in porous media were simulated. For different viscosity ratios and wettability, two-phase flow patterns and relative-permeability curves as a function of wetting saturation were obtained. It is observed that when the wetting phase is less viscous and covers the solid surface, the relative permeability of the non-wetting phase may be greater than unity. Here, the SC model is demonstrated as a suitable tool to study the immiscible two-phase flow in porous media because it is simple, easy to get the desired contact angle and able to simulate immiscible phase flow with high-density ratio.