Tin halide perovskites
are promising lead-free candidates for light-emitting
diodes (LEDs), but their performance is hindered by the poor crystallinity
quality and the oxidation of tin. It is necessary but challenging
to simultaneously realize modulating crystallization, suppressing
oxidation, and passivating defects to boost the device’s performance.
Here, naphthol sulfonic salt is demonstrated as an effective multifunctional
additive. The sulfonic group can retard crystallization by forming
intermediate complexes with perovskite to form a pinhole-free film.
The reducing hydroxyl group can prevent Sn2+ from oxidation
and hinder the migration of I– ions. The high electron
density of the naphthol ring can enhance the electrostatic attraction
toward undercoordinated Sn2+ to passivate the defects.
The synergistic effect of the multifunctional additive contributes
to a boosted efficiency of 0.72% and a brightness of 132 cd m–2 for quantum-well structure phenethylammonium tin
iodide ((PEA)2SnI4) LEDs, which represents the
most effective lead-free perovskite LEDs in pure-red regions as far
as we know.
The intramolecular cyclization of 2-alkynylanilines mediated by DMSO/SOCl 2 was found to afford biologically interesting 3-methylthioindoles, which are rarely obtained by the exiting methods. DMSO could also be replaced with its deuterated counterpart, enabling the method applicable to the construction of indole skeleton bearing a SCD 3 moiety at its 3-position.
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