We extend behavioural research in investment and retirement savings to insurance, by investigating factors that may influence individuals’ insurance decision making. These factors include financial literacy, specialist insurance education and some behavioural biases. Based on a definition of insurance literacy that requires both having, and applying insurance knowledge, we find from a survey of postgraduate students that financial literacy does not necessarily translate to insurance literacy, whereas more specialised education can improve insurance literacy. Results also indicate specialist education potentially reduces susceptibility to anchoring effects.
Achieving high selectivity and conversion efficiency simultaneously is a challenge for visible-light-driven photocatalytic CO 2 reduction into CH 4 . Here, a facile nanofiber synthesis method and a new defect control strategy at room-temperature are reported for the fabrication of flexible mesoporous black Nb 2 O 5 nanofiber catalysts that contain abundant oxygen-vacancies and unsaturated Nb dual-sites, which are efficient towards photocatalytic production of CH 4 . The oxygen-vacancy decreases the bandgap width of Nb 2 O 5 from 3.01-2.25 eV, which broadens the light-absorption range from ultraviolet to visible-light, and the dual sites in the mesopores can easily adsorb CO 2 , so that the intermediate product of CO* can be spontaneously changed into *CHO. The formation of a highly stable NbCHO* intermediate at the dual sites is proposed to be the key feature determining selectivity. The preliminary results show that without using sacrificial agents and photosensitizers, the nanofiber catalyst achieves 64.8% selectivity for CH 4 production with a high evolution rate of 19.5 µmol g −1 h −1 under visible-light. Furthermore, the flexible catalyst film can be directly used in devices, showing appealing and broadly commercial applications.
Despite an increasing number of studies that show a positive relationship between the supportiveness of the feedback source and feedback seeking, little is known about the role that supervisors play in promoting employee feedback-seeking behaviour when they serve as feedback sources. The present article developed a model to fill this void and tested it with data from a sample of 237 supervisor–subordinate dyads. We hypothesized and found that authentic leadership was positively related to feedback-seeking behaviour mediated by both perceived instrumental value and image cost of feedback seeking. The results also demonstrated that employees' individual cultural value of power distance moderated the relationships between authentic leadership and the perceived instrumental value and image cost of feedback seeking.
The mechanism of thermal dry etching of cobalt films is discussed for a thermal process utilizing sequential exposures to chlorine gas and a diketone [either 1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoro-2,4-pentanedione (hexafluoroacetylacetone, hfacH) or 2,4-pentanedione (acetylacetone, acacH)]. The process can be optimized experimentally to approach atomic layer etching (ALE); a sequential exposure to Cl 2 and hfacH dry etchants at 140°C is shown to proceed efficiently. The use of acacH as a diketone does not result in ALE with chlorine even at 180°C, but the decrease of surface chlorine concentration and chemical reduction of cobalt is noted. However, thermal desorption analysis suggests that the reaction of chlorinated cobalt surface exposed to the ambient conditions (oxidized) with hfacH does produce volatile Co-containing products within the desired temperature range and the products contain Co 3+. The effect of adsorption of ligands on the energy required to remove surface cobalt atoms is evaluated using the density functional theory.
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