Education is a crucial factor for sustainable economic growth. Therefore, public expenditures on education are of great interest to both researchers and policy makers. The channels through which education affects economic growth differ according to the level of development of the country. This study aims to measure the impact of public expenditure on education for economic growth in North Macedonia. The data used are secondary data derived from the World Bank Indicators for the period 1917–2020. The econometric model employed in this study is an Instrumental Variable Two-Stage Least Square. The dependent variable in the model is Gross Domestic Product and the independent variables in the model are public expenditures on education, labor force participation rate, gross capital formation, unemployment, industry, wages, employment, information, and communication technology, and the instrumented variable is tertiary enrolment. This study suggests that a one-point increase in public expenditures on education will positively affect economic growth in the North Macedonia. The study also shows that a one-point increase in unemployment will increase economic growth and a one-point decrease in employment will increase economic growth in North Macedonia. These two results, which contradict the theoretical and empirical approaches, prove the mismatch between the supply and demand of real occupations in the labor market in North Macedonia.
The main purpose of this paper is to analyze the activity of various state bodies which by implementing the law and bylaws protect the rule of law, democracy and human rights, honesty and social justice, and how these bodies are influenced by factors of various aspects of corruption, such as incompatibility between holding public office and carrying out profitable activities for officials, restrictions on the acceptance of gifts related to the performance of official duties, supervision of their assets and persons in close contact with them. Although corruption is widely and publicly discussed, the clearest definition is that corruption constitutes an abuse of office for private gain (The World Bank Group, 1997). To analyze this phenomenon, we will analyze the data published by the Anti-Corruption Agency (ACA), the data published by the Kosovo Special Prosecution Office, the data published by the EU progress report on Kosovo, as well as the published data by the Courts. Data analysis concludes on descriptive statistics, tables, and graphs of criminal reports, processed cases, and court decisions. Given that, corruption is severely damaging the country, we believe that corruption is the main obstacle for Kosovo to move forward in the dialogue on visa liberalization and get a positive response regarding the Stabilization and Association Agreement (SAA) (Transparency International, n.d.). The study concludes that corruption is widespread in the main institutions of the country and its high presence in the judiciary is a very worrying issue. This paper is of great importance for policymakers, officials, scholars as to the processing, publication, and sanctioning will enable this phenomenon that has become a new way of governing to be stopped and the state to be built for society and to belong to society (Bekim, 2017).
The main purpose of this paper is to analyze privatization in Kosovo as a complex legal process of redistribution of social wealth to private individuals or certain enterprises. The privatization process in Kosovo cannot be compared with the privatizations of countries in the region due to its economic and political specifics, as a country with economies in transition and high levels of corruption (Borošak, 2018). To study this phenomenon, we will analyze the data published by the complaints received from the Kosovo Trust Agency (KTA) the decisions of the Special Chamber as well as the judgments of the Special Chamber for human rights. Data analysis concludes on descriptive statistics, analysis of domestic laws, and regulations of the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK), reports from the World Bank, processed cases, and Special Chamber court decisions on privatizations. The study concludes that the process of privatization of socially owned property has caused conflicts between the descendants as property owners before their confiscation, privatization has further destroyed the country’s economic development rather than improving the well-being and lives of its citizens. This paper is of great importance for policy makers, officials, scholars as the processing, publication of data, and sanctioning will enable this phenomenon that has become a new way of enrichment to be stopped and the state to be built for society and to belong to society.
In this study, we will analyze the instantaneous control in the recruitment of civil servants in the Republic of Kosovo. The purpose of the study is to achieve knowledge of the object of study, ie how the procedure of recruitment of civil servants is carried out, which procedures should be implemented until the establishment of employment in the civil service of Kosovo and which bodies are competent to control the legality of administrative acts of state administration bodies in the field of recruitment and establishment of employment of civil servants. Specifically the detailed aspects of the facility, ie how the recruitment is performed, how a labor relationship is established in the civil service of Kosovo, and how the control is applied internal versus the legality of administrative acts of public administration bodies in the field of recruitment of civil servants and by whom. The result of this study is the achievement with the knowledge of the object of study. In this study to achieve or not to confirm the hypotheses raised, we have used descriptive and statistical methods. Primary data are taken from the annual reports of the Ministry of Public Administration on the state of the civil service, the work reports of the Independent Oversight Board for Civil Service, literature, legal acts, and general normative acts governing the field of recruitment in civil service. The conclusion of this study is that the staffs in the civil service are not accepted according to the principle of merit, that the state administration bodies largely respect the deadlines for the establishment of labor relations, that there is no instantaneous control in the field of recruitment of civil servants. Had the proper influence on the heads of state administration institutions to recruit civil servants on the basis of merit.
The law on the tax system is of great interest when we discuss income inequality and economic growth. The understanding and interpretation of the purpose of taxes are closely related to the rule of the role of the state as the expansion of the role of the state increases the need for monetary means by which the state meets public needs and which in itself constitute public revenues (Bardho, 2022). This study aims to highlight the impact of income inequality and economic growth in the case of North Macedonia. The distribution of income and the average level of income in a developing country is the key factor for social wellbeing. Countries, where income inequality is decreasing, grow faster than those with rising inequality (OECD, 2014). The data used are time series data and cover the period 1997–2019. This study uses data from World Development Indicators (WDI) and sheds light on the factors, which impact income inequality using multiple regression analyses. This study employs the OLS regression analysis in order to estimate the variables that affect income inequality and economic growth. It is concluded that the positive Gini coefficient approves the Kuznets hypothesis and the pro-inequality theory which means that in the first phase of countries’ development, income inequality is expected to be positively linked to economic growth. The study suggests that economic growth, if the benefits of growth are evenly distributed, has a positive effect on reducing income inequality
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