Aerobic respiration in involves a cytochrome - supercomplex with a diheme cytochrome , which is the only-type cytochrome in this species. This organization is considered as typical for aerobic Actinobacteria. Whereas the biogenesis of heme-copper type oxidases like cytochrome has been studied extensively in α-proteobacteria, yeast, and mammals, nothing is known about this process in Actinobacteria. Here, we searched for assembly proteins of the supercomplex by identifying the copper-deprivation stimulon, which might include proteins that insert copper into cytochrome Using gene expression profiling, we found two copper starvation-induced proteins for supercomplex formation. The Cg2699 protein, named CtiP, contained 16 predicted transmembrane helices, and its sequence was similar to that of the copper importer CopD of in the N-terminal half and to the cytochrome oxidase maturation protein CtaG of in its C-terminal half. CtiP deletion caused a growth defect similar to that produced by deletion of subunit I of cytochrome , increased copper tolerance, triggered expression of the copper-deprivation stimulon under copper sufficiency, and prevented co-purification of the supercomplex subunits. The secreted Cg1884 protein, named CopC, had a C-terminal transmembrane helix and contained a Cu(II)-binding motif. Its absence caused a conditional growth defect, increased copper tolerance, and also prevented co-purification of the supercomplex subunits. CtiP and CopC are conserved among aerobic Actinobacteria, and we propose a model of their functions in cytochrome biogenesis. Furthermore, we found that the copper-deprivation response involves additional regulators besides the ECF sigma factor SigC.

Corynebacterium glutamicum is the major host for the industrial production of amino acids and has become one of the best studied model organisms in microbial biotechnology. Rational strain construction has led to an improvement of producer strains and to a variety of novel producer strains with a broad substrate and product spectrum. A key factor for the success of these approaches is detailed knowledge of transcriptional regulation in C. glutamicum. Here, we present a large compendium of 927 manually curated microarray-based transcriptional profiles for wild-type and engineered strains detecting genome-wide expression changes of the 3,047 annotated genes in response to various environmental conditions or in response to genetic modifications. The replicates within the 927 experiments were combined to 304 microarray sets ordered into six categories that were used for differential gene expression analysis. Hierarchical clustering confirmed that no outliers were present in the sets. The compendium provides a valuable resource for future fundamental and applied research with C. glutamicum and contributes to a systemic understanding of this microbial cell factory. Measurement(s) Gene Expression Analysis Technology Type(s) Two Color Microarray Factor Type(s) WT condition A vs. WT condition B • Plasmid-based gene overexpression in parental strain vs. parental strain with empty vector control • Deletion mutant vs. parental strain Sample Characteristic - Organism Corynebacterium glutamicum Sample Characteristic - Environment laboratory environment Sample Characteristic - Location Germany