Three adaptive FEM algorithms based on mesh refinement (h-adaptation), mesh enrichment (p-adaptation) and the combination of both (hp-adaptation) are employed to solve incompressible fluid flow problems including convective heat transfer effects. Test cases of natural convection in a square cavity with different Rayleigh numbers are solved using primitive variables in a modified finite element approach employing the three adaptive strategies. Results show excellent agreement among benchmark data available in the literature.
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