Ertugliflozin (1-25 mg/day) improved glycaemic control, body weight and blood pressure in patients with T2DM suboptimally controlled on metformin, and was well tolerated.

This study compared the blood pressure-lowering effect of ertugliflozin (1, 5, 25 mg), hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ; 12.5 mg) and placebo in 194 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension for 4 weeks using ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Endpoints (change from baseline to week 4) were: 24-h mean systolic blood pressure (SBP; primary); daytime, night-time, seated predose SBP, 24-h, daytime, night-time, seated predose diastolic blood pressure, 24-h urinary glucose excretion and fasting plasma glucose (FPG; secondary). Safety and tolerability were monitored. Significant decreases in placebo-corrected 24-h mean SBP (-3.0 to -4.0 mmHg) were recorded for all doses of ertugliflozin (for HCTZ, this was -3.2 mmHg). Daytime, but not night-time SBP was consistently reduced. Ertugliflozin produced dose-dependent significant decreases in FPG and increases in urinary glucose excretion. No notable changes in plasma renin activity or urinary aldosterone were seen. The most common adverse events were urinary tract infection, genital fungal infection, upper respiratory tract infection and musculoskeletal pain.

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Background:Tofacitinib is an oral JAK inhibitor that is being investigated for juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA).Objectives:To describe tofacitinib pharmacokinetics (PK) in patients with JIA, identify potential covariates accounting for variability in exposure, assess the formulation effect of oral solution vs tablet and propose a simplified dosing regimen.Methods:This was a pooled analysis of data from 3 tofacitinib clinical studies in patients with JIA aged 2−<18 years: a Phase 1, open-label (OL), non-randomised study (NCT01513902); a Phase 3, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, withdrawal study (NCT02592434); and an OL long-term extension study (NCT01500551). Tofacitinib was dosed at 5 mg twice daily (BID) in patients ≥40 kg or at body weight (BW)-based lower doses BID in patients <40 kg, to achieve average concentrations (Cavg) comparable with those in patients receiving 5 mg BID. A sparse PK sampling scheme was applied, and the plasma samples were assayed using a validated, sensitive and specific high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometric method (lower limit of quantification = 0.100 ng/mL). A nonlinear mixed-effects modelling approach was used for the population PK model, and population parameter variability was assumed to be log-normally distributed. Covariates relating to patient demographics, disease characteristics, concomitant medications and formulation (oral solution vs tablet) were selected using a stepwise covariate modelling approach, and parameter-covariate relationships were evaluated using stepwise forward-inclusion (p<0.05) backward-deletion (p<0.001) procedures. The effect of time-varying BW on oral clearance (CL/F) and apparent volume of distribution (V/F) was characterised using an allometric model. Final model quality was assessed by Visual Predictive Checks (VPCs).Results:Of 246 patients in the analysis, 74.0% were female; 87.8% were white, 2% were black, 10.2% were ‘other’ races and no patients were Asian. Median (range) BW was 46.3 (11.1−121.8) kg. Initially, 100 patients received oral solution and 146 patients received tablets; 11 patients switched formulations during the studies. A one compartment disposition model with first-order absorption and a lag time sufficiently described the data. Final estimates for CL/F, V/F and the first-order absorption rate constant (ka) for tablets were 26.1 L/hr, 89.2 L and 2.78 hr-1, respectively. The only statistically significant covariate was a formulation effect on ka. All parameters were estimated adequately. Estimated allometric exponents were 0.310 for CL/F and 0.537 for V/F. Absorption was described with an estimated lag time of 0.186 hr, and the oral solution had a 1.64-fold faster absorption rate vs the tablet. VPCs sufficiently described the observed data over time, across BWs and ages. Given the PK characterisation and variability in patients with JIA, a simplified dosing scheme was proposed, targeting Cavgvalues equivalent to those in patients receiving 5 mg BID: 3.2 mg BID solution in patients 10−<20 kg; 4 mg BID solution in patients 20−<40 kg; and 5 mg BID tablet or solution in patients ≥40 kg.Conclusion:Tofacitinib population PK in patients with JIA were adequately described by a one compartment model parameterised in terms of CL/F, V/F and first-order absorption with a lag time. Drug absorption from the oral solution was faster than from the tablet. Tofacitinib does not require dose modification or restrictions for any covariates, except BW, to account for differences in Cavg. Based on the results of this analysis, a simplified BW-based dosing regimen was proposed.Acknowledgments:Study sponsored by Pfizer Inc. Medical writing support was provided by Sarah Piggott of CMC Connect and funded by Pfizer Inc.Disclosure of Interests:Camille Vong Shareholder of: Pfizer Inc, at time of analysis, Employee of: Pfizer Inc, at time of analysis, Xiaoxing Wang Shareholder of: Pfizer Inc, Employee of: Pfizer Inc, Anasuya Hazra Shareholder of: Pfizer Inc, at time of analysis, Employee of: Pfizer Inc, at time of analysis, Arnab Mukherjee Shareholder of: Pfizer Inc, Employee of: Pfizer Inc, Timothy Nicholas Shareholder of: Pfizer Inc, Employee of: Pfizer Inc, Cheng Chang Shareholder of: Pfizer Inc, Employee of: Pfizer Inc