The time-dependent flow over riblets of various shapes is calculated using a control volume finite element simulation technique and assuming a model of the near-wall viscous flow region of a turbulent boundary layer. The cross-sectional shapes considered include thin element blade riblets and saw-toothed riblets (but with flat valleys), which are similar to the more common continuous V-shaped riblets. Turbulence statistics derived from the calculations include skewness and flatness factors. It is concluded that to achieve maximum drag reduction, riblets not only need to ensure a thicker than usual viscous laminar-like flow in their grooves, but also the transient momentum exchange must be minimized between this inner region and the larger-scale outer motions associated with quasistreamwise vortices.
We have demonstrated high-efficiency greenish-blue phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes (PHOLEDs) based on a dimesitylboryl-functionalized C^N chelate Pt(II) phosphor, Pt(m-Bptrz)(t-Bu-pytrz-Me). Using a high triplet energy platform and optimized double emissive zone device architecture results in greenish-blue PHOLEDs that exhibit an external quantum efficiency of 24.0% and a power efficiency of 55.8 lm/W. This record high performance is comparable with that of the state-of-the-art Ir-based sky-blue organic light-emitting diodes.
A377 235 U (108)/200 U (100-440) was injected. Based on a BoNT-A injection interval of 12 weeks, the annual cost per patient in the UK would be 1,068 GBP for abobotulinum-toxinA, 1,198 GBP for onabotulinumtoxinA and 1,399 GBP for incobotulinumtox-inA. ConClusions: Considering the real life practice of BoNT-A injections and the comparison of treatment groups treated for the same limb segment, this analysis suggests that the use of abobotulinumtoxinA would result potentially in a reduction in the health care cost for the treatment of spasticity and that more patients could be treated with abobotulinumtoxinA with a given budget.
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