(1R,cis)-2-(3-Amino-2,2-dimethylcyclobutyl)ethanol (4) was used as a precursor in the synthesis of cyclobutyl nucleoside analogues containing guanine, 8-azaguanine, adenine or 8-azaadenine. All the compounds were evaluated as antiviral agents in a variety of assay systems. Some activity was noted for compound 13, 17, 19 and 20 against vaccinia virus and for compounds 11, 12, 13, 17, 19 and 20 against herpes simplex virus, at concentrations that were up to 10-fold below the cytotoxic concentrations for the host cells.
In recent years, the wind industry has undergone considerable development worldwide, thanks mainly to state support for renewable energy embodied in various standards and initiatives. However, the situation differs significantly among the main world producers of electricity from wind power, and in some, we can find incomplete energy policies and regulatory frameworks, which have led to very different economic and social outcomes. In this paper, we present a comparative study of wind policies (based on a multidisciplinary approach) in the leading countries of Europe, Asia and America, in order to establish a comprehensive framework for the sector's future.
BackgroundCorticosteroids and cyclosporine eye drops are common treatments in inflammatory ocular surface diseases. In some cases, patients do not respond to standard therapy and therefore it is necessary to search for new alternative formulations.PurposeThe aim of this study was to present an ophthalmic compounded alternative to common therapy for inflammatory ocular surface diseases and to evaluate the efficacy in three paediatric patients.Material and methodsInitially, a bibliographic research was conducted to find active ingredients and compatible excipients that could potentially be included in an ophthalmic formula (Martindale, Pubmed and Micromedex). Subsequently, tacrolimus eye drops (TED) were formulated and then its pH (pHmeter, WTW Inolab) and osmolality (VAPRO 5520) were measured. Finally, an ophthalmologist assessed the efficacy of the treatment over 3 months in 3 paediatric patients with inflammatory ocular surface disease in which previous treatments had failed.ResultsEach 1 mL of TED pharmaceutical compound contained 0.3 mg of tacrolimus, obtained from the intravenous presentation (Prograf). This ophthalmic formulation contained the following excipients: polyvinyl alcohol, benzalkonium chloride, sodium phosphate dibasic, sodium chloride, sodium phosphate monobasic, disodium edetate, hydrochloric acid or sodium hydroxide and purified water, all from the commercial presentation Liquifilm tears. The TED were developed in a horizontal laminar flow cabin, filtered through a 0.22 micron filter and packed into 5 mL sterile amber glass bottles. The osmolality of TED was 451.3±12.5 mmol/kg and the pH was 7. The ophthalmologist noticed a dramatic improvement in the evolution of the pathology in these 3 patients during the follow-up period; however, he noted that ocular tolerance should be improved as ocular itching was found after instillation of the eye drops.ConclusionThe TED, presented as an ophthalmic pharmaceutical compounding alternative, were safe and effective for paediatric patients with inflammatory ocular surface diseases who did not respond to cyclosporine eye drops.References and/or acknowledgementsAcknowledgements: Fundación Mutua Madrileña and Fundación Española de Farmacia Hospitalaria.No conflict of interest
Synthesisof (1R,cis)-2-(3-Amino-2,2-dimethylcyclobutyl)ethanol (VIII), a Precursor of Cyclobutane Carbocyclic Nucleosides -(starting from readily available α-pinene (I)). -(BORGES, J. E. R.; FER-NANDEZ, F.; GARCIA, X.; HERGUETA, A. R.; LOPEZ, C.; Org. Prep.
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