His research has focused primarily on the ecology, stand development, and silviculture of young coniferous forests of the Intermountain and Northern Rocky Mountain West.
An unusual feeding behavior of the western spruce budworm (Choristoneuraoccidentalis Freeman) reduced height growth and deformed young western larch (Larixoccidentalis Nutt.). On western larch, budworm larvae did not confine their feeding to foliage, their usual diet on other conifers; they also fed on and severed stems of current-year terminal and lateral shoots. A 5-year study in young larch stands showed that: (1) amount and severity of budworm damage increased annually, (2) all trees were damaged sometime during the study, (3) severance of the terminal shoot was the most serious type of budworm damage to larch, (4) severances reduced net height growth at least one-fourth and resulted in forked, bushy-topped trees, and (5) specific forks in the tree did not persist more than 5 years because of the strong apical dominance characteristic of larch.
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