The combination of florpyrauxifen-benzyl + 2,4-D is a new pre-packaged herbicide mixture for use in pastures and hayfields in the United States. Unlike many other pasture herbicides, florpyrauxifen-benzyl + 2,4-D is reported to preserve white clover. However, there is limited research on the efficacy of florpyrauxifen-benzyl + 2,4-D on common weed species as well as the level of tolerance of white clover. Field trials were conducted across Virginia in 2018-20 to evaluate control of various broadleaf weeds with florpyrauxifen-benzyl + 2,4-D compared to other commonly used herbicides as well as field and greenhouse studies assessing white clover tolerance. Weed species evaluated included: bulbous buttercup, Canada thistle, horsenettle, and broadleaf plantain. Florpyrauxifen-benzyl + 2,4-D provided 75 to 99% control of all weeds 90 days after application except for horsenettle (56%), while causing the least white clover injury of any herbicide treatment evaluated. Across treatments, spring herbicide applications resulted in greater bulbous buttercup control compared to fall applications, but florpyrauxifen-benzyl + 2,4-D resulted in greater than 81% control from both application timings. There were no differences in above ground biomass between white clover varieties, however all herbicides reduced white clover biomass compared to the nontreated. This research suggests that florpyrauxifen-benzyl + 2,4-D can improve overall forage quality by controlling broadleaf weeds in mixed grass-legume stands while preserving white clover.
Narrow-windrow burning (NWB) is a form of harvest weed seed control in which crop residues and weed seeds collected by the combine are concentrated into windrows and subsequently burned. The objectives of this study were to determine how NWB will 1) affect seed survival of Italian ryegrass in wheat and Palmer amaranth in soybean and 2) determine if there is a relationship between NWB heat index (HI; the sum of temperatures above ambient) or effective burn time (EBT; the cumulative number of seconds temperatures exceed 200 C) and the post-NWB seed survival of both species. Average soybean and wheat windrow HI totaled 140,725 ± 14,370 and 66,196 ± 6224 C, and 259 ± 27 and 116 ± 12 seconds of EBT, respectively. Pre-versus post-NWB germinability testing revealed there was an estimated seed kill rate of 79.7 % in Italian ryegrass, and 86.3 % in Palmer amaranth. Non-linear two parameter exponential regressions between seed kill and HI or EBT indicated NWB at a HI of 146,000 C and 277 seconds of EBT potentially kills 99% of Palmer amaranth seed. 76% of soybean windrow burning events resulted in estimated Palmer amaranth seed kill rates greater than 85%. Predicted Italian ryegrass seed kill was greater than 97% in all but two wheat NWB events, therefore relationships were not calculated. These results validate the effectiveness of NWB’s ability to reduce seed survival, improving weed management and combating herbicide resistance.
Field studies were conducted in Alabama in 2016 and 2017 to determine the effect of postemergence applications of glufosinate alone and glufosinate applied with S-metolachlor, using two different nozzle types, on LibertyLink®, XtendFlex®, and WideStrike® cotton growth and yield. Two applications of glufosinate at 0.6 kg ha−1, and glufosinate with S-metolachlor at 1.39 kg ha−1 were applied to each cotton cultivar at the four-leaf and eight-leaf growth stages using a flatfan and Turbo TeeJet Induction® nozzle. Visual estimates of cotton injury were evaluated after each application, as well as yield. No differences in yield, within each cotton cultivar were observed for either year. Visual injury was higher for WideStrike cotton than LibertyLink or XtendFlex cultivars. On average, glufosinate applied with S-metolachlor resulted in higher injury than glufosinate applied alone. In LibertyLink cotton, applications made with TTI nozzles resulted in greater injury than flatfan nozzles. However, cotton injury was transient and did not affect cotton yields. These data indicate that applications of glufosinate and glufosinate applied with S-metolachlor, at 0.6 kg ha−1 and 1.39 kg ha−1, respectively, with either a flatfan or TTI nozzle, can have no detrimental effect on cotton growth or yield.
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