Obesity is associated with increased breast cancer risk and poorer cancer outcomes; however, the precise etiology of these observations has not been fully identified. Our previous research suggests that adipose tissue-derived fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2) promotes the malignant transformation of epithelial cells through the activation of fibroblast growth factor receptor-1 (FGFR1). FGF2 is increased in the context of obesity, and increased sera levels have been associated with endocrine-resistant breast cancer. Leptin is a marker of obesity and promotes breast carcinogenesis through several mechanisms. In this study, we leverage public gene expression datasets to evaluate the associations between FGFR1, leptin, and the leptin receptor (LepR) in breast cancer. We show a positive association between FGFR1 and leptin protein copy number in primary breast tumors. These observations coincided with a positive association between Janus kinase 2 (Jak2) mRNA with both leptin receptor (LepR) mRNA and FGFR1 mRNA. Moreover, two separate Jak2 inhibitors attenuated both leptin+FGF2-stimulated and mouse adipose tissue-stimulated MCF-10A transformation. These results demonstrate how elevated sera FGF2 and leptin in obese patients may promote cancer progression in tumors that express elevated FGFR1 and LepR through Jak2 signaling. Therefore, Jak2 is a potential therapeutic target for FGFR1 amplified breast cancer, especially in the context of obesity.

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The effect of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) on patients receiving conventional immunosuppressive (IS) therapy has yet to be fully determined; however, research on using IS therapy for treating COVID‐19 in acutely ill patients is increasing. While some believe that IS therapy may be protective, others argue that these agents may make patients more susceptible to COVID‐19 infection and morbidity and advocate for a more cautious, individualized approach to determining continuation, reduction, or discontinuation of therapy. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of COVID‐19 risk in dermatological patients who are receiving conventional IS therapies, including mycophenolate mofetil, methotrexate, cyclosporine, azathioprine, apremilast, JAK inhibitors, and systemic steroids. Additionally, we provide recommendations for management of these medications for dermatological patients during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Treatment of dermatological disease during the COVID‐19 pandemic should involve shared decision‐making between the patient and provider, with consideration of each patient’s comorbidities and the severity of the patient’s dermatological disease.

Clothing is a mainstay of photoprotection and is commonly assessed by an ultraviolet protective factor (UPF) rating. We present original data on the increasing interest in photoprotective clothing as assessed by Google Trends and the frequency of UPF-rated clothing among a sample of Fortune 1000 companies. We review photoprotective clothing and occupational health, international standards governing UPF ratings, parameters of fabrics guiding UPF in clothing, synthetic and naturally occurring materials being explored for creating photoprotective clothing, and research in visible light and clothing photoprotection.Photoprotection is an important topic for the general public globally due to the ubiquitous presence of solar radiation. 1 Solar radiation that contributes to skin photodamage is primarily comprised of spectra in the ultraviolet radiation (UVR) range (280-400 nm), visible light (VL) range (400-700 nm), and possibly the infrared range (700-4000 nm). 2 Irradiation with UVB (280-320 nm) and to a lesser extent UVA (320-400 nm) result in DNA damage, erythema, and tanning. Chronic UVA and UVB radiation lead to photoaging and the development of keratinocyte carcinomas. 3-5 UVB exposure is well associated with melanoma. [6][7][8] A causal link between UVA and melanoma is less clear, with support in only some animal models and in epidemiological studies connecting tanning bed use and melanoma. 8-10 Globally, fair-skinned individuals constitute the majority of the estimated 6.4 million keratinocyte carcinomas and 300,000 malignant melanomas cases per year, which account for 62,000 deaths and 56,000 deaths per year, respectively. 11 In skin

limited to three case series, and reported adverse effects were minor. 3 Abatacept is a recombinant fusion protein biologic agent. It is immunomodulatory treatment that interferes with the T-cell costimulatory pathway leading to the inhibition of tumour necrosis factor-a. This results in reduced inflammation, which is key to disease activity in morphoea. 4 Abatacept is licensed for the management of rheumatoid and psoriatic arthritis, and some time after we commenced treatment in our patient, National Health Service England approved abatacept use in severe treatment-resistant morphoea. For adults, the recommendation includes intravenous induction, followed by subcutaneous maintenance doses of 125 mg weekly. 5 This case adds to the small body of evidence supporting the clinical effectiveness of abatacept use in morphoea. Further research is needed to better define the safety and efficacy of abatacept, and comparative studies are required to determine the best treatment combinations. Formal evaluation may lead to insight into the effect of abatacept in milder morphoea and its potential role earlier in the disease course.

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Objective The synergistic effects of VL and long wavelength UVA1 (VL + UVA1, 370–700 nm) on inducing pigmentation and erythema in skin have been demonstrated and linked to exacerbation of dermatologic conditions including melasma and post‐inflammatory hyperpigmentation. This study aimed to compare the photoprotection of organic sunscreens enriched with antioxidant (AO) combinations against VL + UVA1 induced biologic effects. The efficacy was compared with that offered by a commercially available tinted sunscreen. Methods Ten healthy adult subjects with Fitzpatrick skin phototypes IV–VI were enrolled (nine completed). VL + UVA1 dose of 380 J/cm2 was utilized. Assessment methods were polarized photography, investigator global scoring and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS). Measurements were obtained at baseline and immediately, 24 h and 7 days after irradiation. Results Sites treated with tinted sunscreen product had significantly less pigmentation compared with untreated but irradiated skin at all time points. However, DRS results demonstrated that the 5‐AO sunscreen performed comparably or better than all sunscreens tested with relatively lower dyschromia, delayed erythema and pigmentation. Conclusion These results highlight the potential of AO‐enriched sunscreens to be photoprotective against VL + UVA1. The combination of efficacy and the cosmetic appearance of this product may provide wider acceptability which is crucial considering the limited available means of protection against this waveband.

Facial hair is a commonly desired feature for many individuals. Despite a breadth of dermatology literature covering strategies for removing facial hair, there are no known articles summarizing strategies for facial hair growth or reviewing common facial hair pathologies. Here, we assess Google Trends to describe significant increases in terms related to facial hair growth and maintenance over the last decade, suggesting an increased public interest on this topic. Next, we review ethnic differences in facial hair growth that may affect facial hair distribution, growth, and predisposition to certain facial hair pathologies. Lastly, we review studies on agents used for facial hair growth and review common facial hair pathologies.