BackgroundIncreasing evidence supports an association between age-related loss of muscle mass and insulin resistance. However, the association has not been fully investigated in the general population. Thus, we investigated the association between appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM) and insulin resistance in an elderly Korean population.MethodsThis cross-sectional study included 158 men (mean age, 71.8) and 241 women (mean age, 70.6) from the Korean Social Life, Health and Aging Project, which started in 2011. In this study, ASM was measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis and was analyzed in three forms: ASM (kg), ASM/height2 (kg/m2), and ASM/weight (%). The homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was used as a measure of insulin resistance. The relationships between the ASM values and the HOMA-IR were investigated by multiple linear regression models.ResultsThe HOMA-IR was positively associated with ASM (β=0.43, P<0.0001) and ASM/height2 (β=0.36, P<0.0001) when adjusted for sex and age. However, after additional adjustment for body weight, HOMA-IR was inversely associated with ASM (β=-0.43, P<0.001) and ASM/height2 (β=-0.30, P=0.001). Adjustment for other potential confounders did not change these associations. Conversely, HOMA-IR was consistently and inversely associated with ASM/weight before and after adjustment for other potential confounders.ConclusionOur results support the idea that lower skeletal muscle mass is independently associated with insulin resistance in older adults. When evaluating sarcopenia or muscle-related conditions in older adults, their whole body sizes also need to be considered.
NFAT5 is induced and translocates to the nucleus in HLECs undergoing hyperosmolar stress through activation of p38. IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha are induced via NFAT5 activation. Our data collectively indicate that NFAT5 may be an important gene regulator and survival factor in hyperosmolar stressed HLECs.
PURPOSE. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a blocker for treatment of dry eye (DE)-induced inflammation and determine a more effective method to suppress lacrimal gland inflammation. Efficacy of topical versus systemic administration of TNF-a blockers was determined using a murine dry eye (DE) model. METHODS.The TNF-a blocker HL036 was developed by modification of the TNF receptor I. Protein purity, binding affinity, and clearance of TNF-a was compared with etanercept. Using DE-induced C57BL/6 mice, corneal erosion and goblet cell counts were measured after subcutaneous or topical treatment with etanercept or HL036. Inflammatory cytokines in cornea and lacrimal glands were determined by quantitative RT-PCR and ELISA.RESULTS. HL036 showed TNF-a binding affinity comparable to etanercept, as measured by surface plasmon resonance. HL036 concentration was significantly higher in cornea and anterior segment than etanercept and effectively eliminated TNF-a on ocular surfaces. Etanercept was preferentially concentrated in the posterior segment. Corneal erosion and goblet cell counts were improved only with topically applied etanercept and HL036. Ocular surface IFN-c, IL-6, and IL-21 were significantly decreased by topical HL036. DE-induced lacrimal gland IFN-c and IL-6 expression was effectively suppressed by topical etanercept and HL036.CONCLUSIONS. Topical TNF-a blockers effectively suppressed lacrimal gland and corneal inflammation by suppressing IFN-c, IL-21, and IL-6. Differences in TNF-a affinity, clearance, and local concentration of blockers may account for the anti-inflammatory effects in different ocular regions.
Although early glaucoma detection is important to prevent visual loss due to disease progression, its clinical diagnosis in highly myopic eyes is still difficult. Many studies using optical coherence tomography (oct) angiography (octA) reported decreased vessel density (VD) in glaucomatous eyes compared to normal eyes. We evaluated the diagnostic ability of peripapillary VD and macular VD measured by octA, comparing them with conventional valuables such as peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) thickness and macular ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) thickness measured by OCT. We also calculated the average VD ratio (VDR) (average outer macular VD/average inner macular VD), superior VDR (superior outer macular VD/average inner macular VD), and inferior VDR (inferior outer macular VD/average inner macular VD). Totally, 169 eyes from 169 subjects were enrolled. Among OCTA measurements, the best diagnostic parameters were average VDR (AUROC: 0.852 and 0.909) and inferior VDR (AUROC: 0.820 and 0.941) in nonhighly and highly myopic eyes, respectively. inferior VDR showed better diagnostic ability than most of the other oct measurements including peripapillary RNFL thickness and macular GCIPL thickness in highly myopic eyes. Accordingly, OCTA measurements can be useful for diagnosing glaucoma in highly myopic eyes, especially when using calculated indices such as average VDR or inferior VDR.Glaucoma is a progressive optic neuropathy characterised by retinal ganglion cell loss and visual field (VF) change 1 . Early detection of glaucoma is important to prevent visual loss caused by disease progression. However, clinical diagnosis of glaucoma in myopic eyes is often difficult 2 . The evaluation of the optic disc is especially difficult in highly myopic eyes because of considerable morphologic variations 3 . The retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) and ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) can also be mistaken for glaucoma as they increase in thinness as the axial length increases 4,5 .Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) has grown in importance in diagnosing glaucoma, allowing clinicians to assess structural changes in the optic disc and macula 6-10 . Further, recent studies have shown that peripapillary vessel density (VD) and macular VD, as measured by OCT angiography (OCTA), in glaucoma eyes are reduced 11,12 . Interestingly, a recent study reported that peripapillary VD well correlated with VF defects in both non-highly and highly myopic eyes 13 . Therefore, peripapillary VD or macular VD could be useful for glaucoma detection in highly myopic eyes, despite reports that macular VD measurements are not better than macular GCIPL thickness measurements for glaucoma detection in non-highly myopic eye 14 . To the best of our knowledge, few studies have compared the diagnostic ability of peripapillary VD and macular VD for glaucoma detection in highly myopic eyes.In this study, we compared the diagnostic ability of peripapillary VD and macular VD for glaucoma and compared it with that of...
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