The excellent mechanical properties of powder metallurgy (P/M) superalloys strongly depend on the microstructure, such as grain size, and morphology and size distribution of the ␥ Ј precipitates. The microstructure is, in turn, determined by the heat treatment, viz., solution annealing, quenching, and subsequent aging. To study the effect of the quenching process, two types of quenching methods were used to produce different quenched microstructures in a UDIMET 720LI (U720LI) alloy. One was a continuous quenching method, where samples were cooled along linearly controlled cooling profiles, each at a fixed cooling rate. This test studied the effect of cooling rate on the size of cooling ␥Ј precipitates (formed during quenching) and the consequent strengthening effect. The other test was the interrupted quenching test, which allowed tracking the growth of cooling ␥Ј precipitates with decreasing temperature during quenching at a given cooling rate. The strengthening response at each interrupt temperature was also studied. Results from the continuous cooling tests showed that the relationship between the size of the cooling ␥Ј precipitate and the cooling rate obeys a power law, with an exponential being about 0.35. The tensile strength was found to increase linearly with the cooling rate. Strengthening due to the subsequent aging treatment occurred regardless of cooling rates. The interrupted cooling tests showed that ␥ Ј growth is a linear function of decreasing temperature for a given cooling rate. A nonmonotonic degradation of tensile strength against interrupt temperature was discovered.

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Hierarchical carbon modification is used to improve the thermal/structural stability and specific energy of nano-NiS2 cathodes in thermal batteries.

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Macrosegregation defect freckles result from the convective flow due to a density gradient in the mushy zone. Several freckle criteria were proposed in the literature for the evaluation of the freckle tendency of alloys and processes. These criteria were examined using experimental data of the upward directional solidification of Pb-Sn, Pb-Sb, and Pb-Sn-Sb systems. It is found that the freckle criterion given by Flemings and co-workers gives the best description of the freckle tendency. A Rayleigh number is derived from Flemings' criterion. The critical value of the Rayleigh number is found to be Ra cr Ϸ 1.

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