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Long sequences of Upper Cretaceous through Quaternary sediments rich in calcareous and siliceous microfossils were recovered at Ocean Drilling Program Sites 689 and 690 on Maud Rise off East Antarctica. These sites have become the southernmost anchor in the Atlantic Basin for bio-, magneto-, chemostratigraphic, and paleobiogeographic studies. ODP Sites 692 and 693 on the Weddell Sea margin of East Antarctica and Site 696 on the South Orkney microcontinent of West Antarctica yielded calcareous nannofossils within some stratigraphic intervals. Sites 691, 692, 694, 695, and 697 did not recover Cenozoic calcareous nannofossils.Calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy suggests a major hiatus across the Paleogene/Neogene boundary at Sites 689 and 690, and two additional hiatuses in the middle Eocene-lower Oligocene section at Site 690. Correlation with magnetostratigraphy reveals: the last occurrence (LO) of Reticulofenestra umbilica at Maud Rise is over 1 m.y. younger than that at the middle-latitude sites; the LO of Isthmolithus recurvus is synchronous in the middle-latitude and high-latitude areas (about 34.8 Ma); Reticulofenestra oamaruensis ranges from 38.0 to 36.0 Ma at Maud Rise; Reticulofenestra reticulata has a shorter range at Maud Rise (42.1 to 38.9 Ma) than at the middle-latitude DSDP Site 516; the range of Chiasmolithus oamaruensis is diachronous over different latitudes; and the LO of Chiasmolithus solitus is a good datum at 41.3 Ma from 30°S to 65°S in the South Atlantic Ocean.Comparison of calcareous nannofossil abundances in a latitudinal transect shows: Reticulofenestra bisecta is a temperate-water species and its LO, which crosses below that of Chiasmolithus altus at Maud Rise, is not applicable for the Paleogene/Neogene boundary in high southern latitude areas; Clausicoccus fenestratus is rare or absent at Maud Rise and can not be used as a marker; Coccolithus formosus is a warm-water species which disappeared earlier toward higher latitudes. Calcareous nannofossil assemblages indicate that by at least the middle Eocene, surface water temperatures became considerably lower in the high southern latitudes than in the middle-latitude areas and that there have been more extreme cold events in the high latitudes during the Neogene. Bicolumnus ovatus n. gen., n. sp. is proposed in this paper.

Membership inference attacks seek to infer membership of individual training instances of a model to which an adversary has black-box access through a machine learning-as-a-service API. In providing an in-depth characterization of membership privacy risks against machine learning models, this paper presents a comprehensive study towards demystifying membership inference attacks from two complimentary perspectives. First, we provide a generalized formulation of the development of a black-box membership inference attack model. Second, we characterize the importance of model choice on model vulnerability through a systematic evaluation of a variety of machine learning models and model combinations using multiple datasets. Through formal analysis and empirical evidence from extensive experimentation, we characterize under what conditions a model may be vulnerable to such black-box membership inference attacks. We show that membership inference vulnerability is data-driven and corresponding attack models are largely transferable. Though different model types display different vulnerabilities to membership inference, so do different datasets. Our empirical results additionally show that (1) using the type of target model under attack within the attack model may not increase attack effectiveness and (2) collaborative learning exposes vulnerabilities to membership inference risks when the adversary is a participant. We also discuss countermeasure and mitigation strategies.

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Twelve upper Pliocene‐lower Pleistocene calcareous nannofossil events are calibrated with oxygen isotope stratigraphy at eight DSDP/ODP sites ranging from 53°N to 41°S latitudes in different oceans in order to determine their ages and to reveal their synchrony or diachrony within a significantly higher‐resolution time scale than the geomagnetic polarity time scale allows. Six nannofossil events appear to be synchronous from low to middle latitudes (the last occurrences of Reticulofenestra asanoi (oxygen isotope stage 22), Gephyrocapsa spp. A‐B (stage 37), Discoaster brouweri (stage 71), Discoaster surculus (stage 99), Discoaster tamalis (stage 111), and the first occurrence of Gephyrocapsa spp. A‐B (stage 59)), five appear to be diachronous (the first occurrences of Gephyrocapsa spp. C‐D, Reticulofenestra asanoi, and Gephyrocapsa spp. A‐B larger than 5.5 µm, and the last occurrences of Helicosphaera sellii and Discoaster pentaradiatus), and one is synchronous at low latitudes (the last occurrence of Calcidiscus macintyrei).