Background/AimsOxidative stress results in protein oxidation and is implicated in carcinogenesis. Sulfiredoxin (Srx) is responsible for the enzymatic reversal of inactivated peroxiredoxin (Prx). Nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) binds to antioxidant responsive elements and upregulates the expression of Srx and Prx during oxidative stress. We aimed to elucidate the biological functions and potential roles of Srx in lung cancer.MethodsTo study the roles of Srx and Prx III in lung cancer, we compared the protein levels of Nrf2, Prxs, thioredoxin, and Srx in 40 surgically resected human lung cancer tissues using immunoblot and immunohistochemical analyses. Transforming growth factor-β1, tumor necrosis factor-α, and camptothecin treatment were used to examine Prx III inactivation in Mv1Lu mink lung epithelial cells and A549 lung cancer cells.ResultsPrx I and Prx III proteins were markedly overexpressed in lung cancer tissues. A significant increase in the oxidized form of a cysteine sulfhydryl at the catalytic site of Prxs was found in carcinogenic lung tissue compared to normal lung tissue. Densitometric analyses of immunoblot data revealed significant Srx expression, which was higher in squamous cell carcinoma tissue (60%, 12/20) than in adenocarcinoma (20%, 4/20). Also, Nrf2 was present in the nuclear compartment of cancer cells.ConclusionsSrx and Prx III proteins were markedly overexpressed in human squamous cell carcinoma, suggesting that these proteins may play a protective role against oxidative injury and compensate for the high rate of mitochondrial metabolism in lung cancer.
Introduction Psychological factors such as anxiety and confidence that students have in the patient care situation are important in that this affects the actual clinical performance. Students who are just starting clinical practice have a lack of clinical knowledge, skill proficiency, and patient communication skills, so they experience anxiety and lack of confidence in clinical setting. Practice in a safe environment, such as simulation education, can help students perform more settled and competently in patient care. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of high-fidelity simulation experience on anxiety and confidence in medical students. Materials and methods This study enrolled 37 5th-year students at Ajou University School of Medicine in 2020. Two simulation trainings were implemented, and a survey was conducted to measure students’ level of anxiety and confidence before and after each simulation. Based on the research data, a paired t-test was conducted to compare these variables before and after the simulation, and whether this was their first or second simulation experience. Results Students had a significantly lower level of anxiety and a significantly higher level of confidence after the simulation than before. In addition, after one simulation experience, students had less anxiety and more confidence before the second simulation compared to those without simulation experience. Conclusions We confirmed that medical students need to be repeatedly exposed to simulation education experiences in order to have a sense of psychological stability and to competently deliver medical treatment in a clinical setting. There is a practical limitation in that medical students do not have enough opportunities to meet the patients during clinical practice in hospitals. Therefore, in order to produce excellent doctors, students should have the expanded opportunities to experience simulation education so they can experience real-world medical conditions.
CXCR3 ligands CXCL9 and CXCL11 may be useful surrogate markers for the diagnosis and follow-up of TB.
production of advanced glycation end products [AGEs], a proinflammatory microenvironment, and the induction of oxidative stress 8,9. These mechanisms can lead to diabetic nephropathy, neuropathy, and retinopathy 10. Macrovascular complications, which affect the large vessels of the body, are usually caused by atherosclerosis and may lead to stroke, acute myocardial infarction, or vessel blockage in the legs (i.e., peripheral vascular disease). A recent review suggested that although microvascular complications distinctly precede macrovascular complications, both progress simultaneously on a continuum 11. Most type 2 diabetes-related complications progress over a period of years. Therefore, it would be useful to know the expected clinical trajectories as these data would not only guide the decisions regarding and delivery of early preventive care, but may also help physicians to explain the course of type 2 diabetes and warn their patients about complications. Moreover, the prevalence of type 2 diabetes-related complications is known to differ with respect to age, sex, ethnicity and duration of diabetes 12-19. Therefore, an analysis of the factors affecting the trajectories of complications could provide new insights into patient management, prevention, or treatment. However, most published studies on the complications of type 2 diabetes were limited to one or a few complications and applied large-scale approaches without time considerations. For example, Jeong et al. developed a diagnostic progression network based on claims data with the aim of determining the global patterns of diagnosis in South Korea 20. However, this network provided only information about the associations between diagnosis pairs, rather than the sequential trajectories. Furthermore, Jensen et al. used electronic patient records from a Danish population to suggest temporal trajectory clusters of various diseases, including diabetes, and thus predict disease evolution over time 21. However, these trajectories were only evaluated using full population data, rather than data stratified by different combinations of sex and age. In this study, we aimed to construct time-dependent type 2 diabetes trajectories based on population-wide claim data. These trajectories would be expected to reveal time-critical associations between type 2 diabetes and other diseases and identify differences in the patterns of progression among various age and sex groups. To overcome the insufficient definition of a diagnosis simply as a direct complication of type 2 diabetes according to sequential patterns from claims data, we used the term "accompanying comorbidity" rather than "complication" to encompass all possible relationships with type 2 diabetes. Results Clinical and demographic characteristics of participants in the case-control study. A total of 49,893,982 incidence records and 396,777,916 prescription records for 1,113,655 patients were recorded between January 2002 and December 2013. Among them, 225,406 patients met our defined criteria for a type 2 diabete...
CXCR3 ligands may be useful surrogate markers for diagnosing active TB and for assessing TB patients clinically.
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