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The aim of this article is to examine the income and employment multiplier effects of the higher education sector in Malaysia based on conventional input-output methodology. We examined simple, total, Type I and Type II income and employment multiplier effects of private and public higher education institutions (HEIs) in Malaysia. We found that private HEIs have larger direct and indirect income impacts than public HEIs. With the presence of household spending, both public and private HEIs have greater induced income impacts than direct and indirect income generation effects. We also found that Type I multipliers for private and public HEIs lead to additional income of 1.34 and 1.32 for every initial Ringgit of labour income, respectively, while Type II income multipliers for private and public HEIs account for additional income of 3.09 and 3.05, respectively. Higher education creates 1.21 workers per RM 10,000 investment. The overall results show that private higher education has a relatively greater income effect on the economy.

The Malaysian tourism industry has flourished considerably over the years due to the growth of new tourist landmarks, together with its rich cultural heritage. The industry generated 6.78% of the total income from exports in 2008. This paper focuses on the dynamic relationship between macroeconomic factors and tourism revenue in Malaysia from January 2002 to December 2008. In this context, the authors investigate the presence of seasonal fluctuations in tourism revenue and examine the macroeconomic factors influencing the five top tourist-generating countries for Malaysia.

This study examines the direct and indirect linkages and leakages of private and public higher education in Malaysia using input-output analysis. This study found that real estate, printing, wholesale and retail business as well as utilities are the sectors most closely inter-connected with higher education. The results of forward and backward linkages also show weak inter-industry links of the higher education sector with the rest of the economy. The public higher education use a larger amount of imported inputs compared to private higher education implicating a higher leakage from public higher education sector. Higher education in Malaysia can therefore said to take on a social role rather than an economic one. The structural change of education sector indicates an increase in the contribution of primary inputs and a dramatic decline in the consumption of intermediate inputs in education sector over time. Keywords: Input-Output Analysis; Linkages; Leakages; Higher Education.