A simple but efficient sweat pore mapping method based on a fluorescein-PVP composite film was developed for fingerprint analysis. The composite film displays a fluorometric turn-on response upon contact with a small quantity of water secreted from human sweat pores, allowing precise mapping of sweat pores on a fingertip.

Silylation-based techniques are being actively investigated for dielectric recovery after plasma processing of porous ultralow dielectric constant ͑low k͒ dielectrics. A two-step pore sealing and dielectric recovery process was attempted on plasma damaged porous organosilicates ͑OSG͒. In the sealing step, an OSG low k monomer, phenyltrimethoxysilane, was used to form a thin low k sealant layer. Scanning transmission electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy images indicated a much improved low k/barrier interface as a result of pore sealing. In the surface silylation step, two phenyl-containing agents, diphenyltetramethyldisilasane and phenyldimethylchlorosilane, were employed to restore surface hydrophobicity. The process was found to be capable of restoring surface hydrophobicity and partially blocking the pathway for moisture adsorption without much adverse effect on the subsequent atomic layer deposition of Cu barrier.

Creation of hollow, one-dimensional nanomaterials has gained great recent attention in the chemical and material sciences. In a study aimed at discovering new functional materials of this type, we observed that an amphiphilic diacetylene (DA) derivative, containing an azobenzene moiety and an oligo-ethylene group, self-assembles to form nanotubes and undergoes photopolymerization to form hollow polydiacetylene (PDA) nanotubes with a uniform wall thickness and diameter. The azobenzene-PDA nanotubes are photoresponsive in that on-and-off UV-irradiation leads to a reversible morphological change between straight and bent forms in association with E-Z photoisomerization of the azobenzene group. Owing to the UV-induced structural change feature, the new DA and PDA nanotubes serve as a controlled release material. Accordingly, fluorescent rhodamine B encapsulated inside the nanotubes are effectively released by using repeated on-off UV irradiation. Furthermore, photo-release of rhodamine B was shown to occur in an artemia (brine shrimp).

An azobenzene-containing supramolecular polydiacetylene (PDA) crystal undergoes a photoinduced reversible blue-to-red phase transition accompanied by crystal tearing.

Herein, we report direct electrochemical C(sp3)–H lactonization of 2-alkylbenzoic acids toward phthalides. The reaction provides a wide substrate scope of 2-alkylbenzoic acids bearing primary to tertiary C(sp3)–H bonds by utilizing a graphite anode, dichloromethane (DCM) solvent, hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) cosolvent, and n-Bu4NClO4 electrolyte. Our synthetic approach offers a simple, intuitive, and atom-economical protocol to synthesize various phthalides (25 examples, up to 92% yield) and obtain other 5- and 6-membered lactones (10 examples, up to 83% yield).

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: More than 70 percent of the Korean territory consists of mountain area so development of mountain district is essential to urbanize continuously. Thus, technological developments for risk factors and standards and manuals must be needed to prevent mountain disaster. Risk Management Manual should be made and operated in government legislation related to national disaster, but there is still no Emergency Management Standard Manual and Emergency Response-Practical Manual to prevent mountain disaster. This study suggests the improvement plans that are legislated but not established cleary in the field of disaster in urban area. The main items are like as 1) adaptable standard and practical manual to prevent mountain disaster in urban area, 2) reinforcement between managing department and interagency vertically and horizontally in central and local government organization, 3) Personal SOP (Standard Operating Procedure) not EOP (Emergency Operation Plan), 4) considering 13 items selected by Ministry of Public Safety and Security, 5) schematization with personal action plan, 6) check list to do in the event of mountain disaster, and 7) regular practice per quarter.