Aim: To describe the characteristics and medication treatment patterns, healthcare resource utilization (HRU), and associated costs in Japanese patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Methods: Claims data from the Japan Medical Data Center (JMDC) database were used to identify patients with SLE-related claims from 2010 to 2017. Algorithms were developed to retrospectively categorize patients by disease severity, treatment experience, and SLE-related manifestations such as lupus nephritis and central nervous system lupus. Descriptive and multivariate analyses were used to describe treatment pattern and estimate HRU and associated costs for the SLE cohort overall and by disease severity and complications. Results: Among 4,733 eligible patients, 2,072 (43.8%) were treatment naïve, 2,214 (46.8%) were previously treated for SLE, and 447 (9.4%) did not receive any treatment. Mean (SD) age of the total SLE cohort was 45.2 (13.1) years and mean (SD) follow-up duration was 1,137.3 (758.0) d. Based on disease severity, 1,383 (29.2%) patients had mild, 2,619 (55.3%) patients had moderate, and 731 (15.4%) patients had severe SLE. Patients on glucocorticoids (both oral and parenteral) received add-on medications the most (35.5%, p < .001). Mean annual cost per SLE patient in the post-index period, inclusive of hospitalizations, outpatient visits, and pharmacy was ¥436,836; ¥1,010,772; and ¥2,136,780 for patients with mild, moderate, and severe SLE, respectively. Limitations: The database only captured information on patients up to 75 years of age. Due to the nature of the database, biases regarding conditions that attribute to the spectrum of SLE severity, flare incidences, or individual physical status cannot be ruled out. Conclusions: This study describes the treatment patterns and economic burden experienced by Japanese patients with SLE. The results highlight an unmet need to derive better treatment strategies for patients with SLE to effectively address the disease burden in Japan.

BackgroundPalmoplantar pustulosis (PPP) is a chronic, relapsing, inflammatory autoimmune condition, characterized by sterile pustules on the palms and soles. The treatment patterns of PPP and total health care resource utilization in Japan are not well described. Investigating these areas is needed to understand current PPP management in Japan. ObjectiveTo describe the characteristics, medication treatment and health care resource utilization patterns, and associated costs of PPP patients in Japan. MethodsA retrospective analysis of insurance claims data was conducted using the Japan Medical Data Center database. Adult Patients with at least two claims with a PPP diagnosis from January 1, 2011 to March 30, 2017 and six months of follow-up after the first diagnosis were included. Patient characteristics described include age, gender, and comorbid conditions. Treatment patterns assessed include the types of treatment, sequence of treatment, and rates of discontinuation, switching, persistence and use of concomitant medications. ResultsA total of 5,162 adult patients met all inclusion criteria. Mean (SD) patient age was 49.7 (11.6) years and 43.2% were male. A total of 2441 patients (47.8%) received systemic nonbiologic drugs during the entire follow up period, 2,366 (46.4%) were prescribed topical therapy, 273 (5.4%) were prescribed phototherapy, while 18 (0.4%) of patients with other autoimmune comorbidities were eligible for prescribed biologics. For treatment-naïve patients with mild PPP, topical therapy was most commonly (77.1%) prescribed, whereas in

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Introduction The prevalence of ulcerative colitis (UC) is increasing in Japan but recent disease burden estimates are unavailable. This study was conducted to explore the prescription pattern and to estimate the economic burden in Japanese patients with UC. Methods This retrospective cohort study was conducted from 1 January 2009 to 30 June 2018 using healthcare claims data from the Japan Medical Data Center (JMDC) database. Patients with a UC diagnosis before the index date (the first UC treatment claim) or within 6 months after the index date, a UC treatment claim registered within ≥ 6 months during the selection period, and a continuous enrollment for 6 months pre-index and 12 months follow-up period were included in the study. Prescription pattern was analyzed by calendar years and lines of treatment (LoT). Healthcare resource utilization and cost per month were determined by LoTs. Results Among 10,337 patients with UC diagnosis, 1,861 (18.0%) met the eligibility criteria for this study. 5-Aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) was the most used treatment over the study period and across all LoTs. 5-ASA was also the most prescribed treatment (88.7%) across all the first LoTs, followed by steroids (20.4%). Use of biologics increased over the study period (biologics + 5-ASA: 0.0% in 2009 to 3.0% in 2018). Biologics were most used as the sixth LoT (7.1%, biologics + 5-ASA; 7.1%, biologics + 5-ASA + steroids). Mean total cost per month was JPY 52,782, with the highest (JPY 112,997) total healthcare cost per month in the fourth LoT and the lowest in the first LoT (JPY 56,782). Conclusion Prescription pattern in Japanese patients with UC enrolled in the JMDC database were largely consistent with the clinical guidelines in Japan. UC puts a substantial economic burden on patients, and an effective treatment is warranted to reduce the UC disease burden. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12325-020-01615-4.

Aims: To estimate the budgetary impact of providing additional reimbursement for long acting injections for schizophrenia patients in psychiatric hospital settings in Japan to improve patient outcomes in schizophrenia. Methods: Budget impact analysis of change in reimbursement policy using a prevalence-based model over a five-year time horizon. The results are reported as net change in expenditure and consequent cost/savings in Japanese yen at the time of analysis. Results: The budget impact analysis shows that an increase in reimbursement for LAIs could lead to cumulative savings of an estimated 36.6 billion JPY over five years. These savings result from a decrease in hospitalization costs and an increased usage of LAI (assumed to be 10%). Based on the sensitivity analysis, the saving estimates are most sensitive to change in market share of generic and branded oral antipsychotics. Limitations: Historical data were used to estimate the future costs of drug and hospitalization; however, it is not the best predictor of future, hence a source of potential bias. A good level of treatment adherence with oral antipsychotics was assumed, which is generally not the case; therefore, we might have overestimated the effectiveness of oral atypical antipsychotics. Additionally, the drug cost due to reimbursement might have also been overestimated because in clinical setting, the increase of LAI use may not have reached 10% of the market share. Lastly, patients' behavior was derived from models, which may have loosely approximated the reality. Conclusions: An additional reimbursement for the use of LAI in schizophrenia patients is likely to be cost neutral/cost saving and should be considered as a policy option to improve patient outcomes and budget sustainability.

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