Background Lack of exclusive breastfeeding during the first half-year of life is an important risk factor for childhood morbidity and mortality. Despite this, less than 40% of infants below 6 months are exclusively breastfed worldwide. This is because breastfeeding is declining and being replaced by formula feeding. Nowaday, formula feeding has become a more common practice in urban communities of developing countries. However, relatively little information is available regarding formula feeding practice and its associated factors in Ethiopia, particularly in Addis Ababa. Hence, this study was aimed at assessing the prevalence of formula feeding practice and its associated factors among mothers of an infant aged 0–6 months in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from April-1 to May 30/2020 among 494 mothers with infants 0–6 months of age. Data were collected using a pre-tested structured questionnaire. Data were entered and cleaned by using Epi data version 3.1 and analysed by SPSS software version 25. Then data were processed by using descriptive analysis, including frequency distribution, and summary measures. The degree of association was assessed using binary logistic regression analysis. P-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Result The prevalence of formula feeding and pre-lacteal feeding practice was 46.2 and 34.4%, respectively. Educational status with a diploma and above (AOR = 3.09, 95%CI: 1.56–6.14), delivery by cesarean section (AOR = 6.13, 95%CI: 4.01–9.37), pre-lacteal feeding practice (AOR = 7.61, 95%CI: 4.11–11.06), and delayed initiation of breastfeeding (after 1 h to 1 day (AOR = 3.43, 95% CI: 1.59–7.40), after 1 day to 3 days (AOR = 3.71, 95% CI: 1.51–9.41), and after 3 days (AOR = 5.41, 95% CI: 2.15–13.60)) were significantly associated with formula feeding practice. Conclusions Nearly half of the participants were practiced formula-feeding for their infant. Educational status of mothers, the timing of initiation of breastfeeding, delivery by cesarean section, and pre-lacteal feeding practice were significantly associated with formula feeding practice. Therefore, early initiation of breastfeeding, educating mothers about the risks associated with pre-lacteal feeding, and supporting mothers who gave birth by cesarean section for exclusive breastfeeding should be encouraged at the community and institutional levels.
Background: Substance usage among youths is becoming a great problem worldwide, particularly in college and university students. Khat is one of the most frequently used substances among these groups of population. Khat chewing has serious health, social and economic consequences. However, in our setting the magnitude, pattern and factors contributing to the use of Khat is not well addressed. Therefore, this study was conducted to assess the prevalence, pattern and associated factors of Khat chewing among Debre Berhan University students in Ethiopia. Methods:This cross-sectional study was design to quantify the mastication of khat and identify socio demographic, behavioral and social factors among undergraduate students. Data was collected through structured, self-administered and pre-tested questionnaire. Stratified random sampling was used to recruit 406 students. Bivariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were fitted via SPSS statistical software package to identify associated factors of khat chewing. Results:The life time and current prevalence of khat chewing were estimated to be 20.1% and 12.2%, respectively. Out of ever chewers, 68 (84%) were in the age group of 18-24 years and 62 (76.5%) were male. The most common reasons to chew khat were for examination preparation (41.9%) followed by socialization (38.3%). Significant association was observed between khat chewing and family members chewing khat (AOR = 6.26; 95% CI: 2.67, 14.72), friends chewing khat (AOR = 6.89; 95% CI: 3.71, 14.80) and use of alcohol (AOR = 2.50; 95% CI: 1.36, 4.60). Conclusion:The prevalence of khat chewing in this study was significantly higher when compared to some previous studies done in Addis Ababa University. The pattern of khat chewing among university students was not restricted by social regulation mechanisms, and even, it seems a social norm. Therefore, teachers in high schools, colleges and instructors in university should follow their students' substance use behavior including khat and need to counsel those students who are at risk of substance use. Moreover, families ought to be a role model for their children by avoiding risk behaviors.
Background: Wider access and use of long-acting and permanent methods of contraception are the most effective contraceptives available to contribute to reduction of the high levels of maternal mortality and morbidity. Yet, utilization of long acting and permanent contraception methods in Ethiopian is recorded to be low.
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