produced by dealloying have outstanding physical properties due to their unique structure with open porous networks, [3][4][5] the undesirable coarsening phenomenon leads to degradation of physical properties over time, even at room temperature. [6][7][8] The originally proposed idea behind high-entropy alloy (HEA) with multiprinciple elements is maximizing the configuration entropy to stabilize a solid-solution alloy without undesired ordered intermetallics. [9][10][11] Many studies have suggested that HEAs uniquely possesses combined desirable properties such as a high strength and ductility paired with high fracture toughness, [12][13][14] fatigue resistance, [15] and creep resistance. [16] HEAs also show promising properties in harsh environments resisting corrosion, [17][18][19] and irradiation [20] attacks. Atomic size differences between constituting elements in HEA increase the activation energy for grain growth, and sluggish diffusion kinetics has considered as the main reason for the exceptional high strength and structural stability of HEAs at high temperatures. [21,22] The rationale behind it, the multiprinciple elements cause larger fluctuations in lattice potential energy (LPE), providing many low-LPE sites that hinder atomic diffusion. [23] Grain growth and ligament coarsening rely on the same physical background of surface diffusion. In that context, the high-entropy design in nanoporous materials has a potential for achieving an exceptional stability against the coarsening.Controlling the feature sizes of 3D bicontinuous nanoporous (3DNP) materials is essential for their advanced applications in catalysis, sensing, energy systems, etc., requiring high specific surface area. However, the intrinsic coarsening of nanoporous materials naturally reduces their surface energy leading to the deterioration of physical properties over time, even at ambient temperatures. A novel 3DNP material beating the universal relationship of thermal coarsening is reported via high-entropy alloy (HEA) design. In newly developed TiVNbMoTa 3DNP HEAs, the nanoporous structure is constructed by very fine nanoscale ligaments of a solid-solution phase due to enhanced phase stability by maximizing the configuration entropy and suppressed surface diffusion. The smallest size of 3DNP HEA synthesized at 873 K is about 10 nm, which is one order of magnitude smaller than that of conventional porous materials. More importantly, the yield strength of ligament in 3DNP HEA approaches its theoretical strength of G/2π of the corresponding HEA alloy even after thermal exposure. This finding signifies the key benefit of high-entropy design in nanoporous materials-exceptional stability of size-related physical properties. This high-entropy strategy should thus open new opportunities for developing ultrastable nanomaterials against its environment.The ORCID identification number(s) for the author(s) of this article can be found under https://doi.

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Immunotherapy targeting PD-1/PD-L1 axis showed benefits in cancer. Prognostic significance of tumour infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) has been determined. We evaluated PD-L1 protein expression in tumour cells and TILs, PD-L1 mRNA level and various histopathologic factors including TILs using 167 formalin-fixed paraffin embedded tissues and 39 fresh tissue of HER2-positive breast cancer. TILs level and PD-L1 expression in tumour cells and TILs were significantly correlated one another. PD-L1 positivity in tumour cells was associated with high histologic grade and high TILs level (p < 0.001, both). High PD-L1 immunoscore in TILs and high total immunoscore (in tumour cells and TILs) of PD-L1 were correlated with high histologic grade (p = 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively), absence of lymphovascular invasion (p = 0.012 and p = 0.007, respectively), negative hormone receptor expression (p = 0.044 and p = 0.001, respectively) and high TILs level (p < 0.001, both). High PD-L1 mRNA expression was associated with high TILs level (p < 0.001, both). PD-L1 positivity in tumour cells was associated with better disease-free survival in HR−/HER2+ breast cancer (p = 0.039). PD-L1 expression in tumour cells and TILs are significantly associated with TILs level in HER2-positive breast cancer. PD-L1 expression in tumour cells might be positive prognostic factor in HR−/HER2+ breast cancers.

Background and aims:Precise pathological diagnosis is essential for optimal treatment of thyroid tumors. Ancillary diagnostic markers may be helpful in some cases. The purpose of this study was to compare and evaluate the diagnostic value of CD56, cytokeratin 19 (CK19), and galectin-3 immunohistochemical stainings in distinguishing between papillary carcinoma (PC) and other thyroid malignancies and benign lesions. Methods: The expressions of the three markers were evaluated in PC (n = 67), follicular carcinoma (FC, n = 23), medullary carcinoma (MC, n = 18), anaplastic carcinoma (AC, n = 4), follicular adenoma (FA, n = 15), and nodular hyperplasia (NH, n = 21). Results: Statistical analysis showed significantly different expressions of CD56, galectin-3, and CK19 in PC versus other lesions of the thyroid gland, with the exception of AC. Especially, the sensitivity and specificity of CD56 for diagnosing PC were 92.5% and 86.4%, respectively. The diagnostic specificity of CD56 was higher than that of galectin-3 or CK19 in differentiating PC from other lesions of the thyroid gland. However, its sensitivity was lower than that of galectin-3 or CK19. Conclusion: CD56 turns out to be a good negative marker for diagnosing PC. We suggest that immunohistochemical panels directed at the diagnosis of PC should include CD56 together with galectin-3 and CK19.

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Increased TFE3 expression in RCC was associated with poor PFS regardless of the gene translocation status. Moreover, morphological analysis should help to select candidates who would benefit from TFE3 staining and FISH analysis.

Background The Vesical Imaging–Reporting and Data System (VI‐RADS) is a newly developed system of bladder cancer staging with multiparametric MRI (mpMRI), which can be used to predict the presence of muscle invasion for bladder cancer. Purpose To evaluate the accuracy of three mpMRI series (T2WI, diffusion‐weighted imaging [DWI], and dynamic contrast‐enhanced image [DCEI]) and VI‐RADS for diagnosing the muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). Study Type Retrospective. Population In all, 66 pathologically proven bladder cancers in 32 patients. Field Strength/Sequence Before the diagnostic MRI with an intramuscular antispasmodic agent, optimal bladder distension was confirmed. 3.0T MRI with T2WI, DWI, and DCEI. Assessment Three reviewers independently assessed and scored the bladder cancers in T2WI, DWI, and DCEI using a five‐point score system. Based on the scores in the three sequences, reviewers scored each bladder cancer with reference to VI‐RADS categories. We evaluated the diagnostic performance of each of three mpMRI sequences and the final VI‐RADS categorization for diagnosing MIBC. Statistical Tests Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and the area under the curve (AUC) of each of three sequences separately and VI‐RADS categorization for diagnosing the MIBC. Results The diagnostic performances of each of the three mpMRI series and VI‐RADS for diagnosing MIBC were excellent. Especially using the optimal cutoff score >3 for predicting MIBC on DWI, DCEI, and VI‐RADS, the sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, and AUC values were 90% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.56, 1.00), 100% (95% CI: 0.94, 1.00), 100% (95% CI: 0.66. 1.00), 98.3% (95% CI: 0.91, 1.00), and 0.95, respectively. Data Conclusion mpMRI based on VI‐RADS can stratify patients with bladder cancer according to the presence of muscle invasion. Level of Evidence 3. Technical Efficacy Stage 2. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2020;52:1249–1256.

Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) is widely used to treat patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. We investigated the effect of TDF on renal insufficiency in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB).A consecutive cohort analysis was applied to CHB patients taking prescribed TDF from January 2012 to May 2016 at Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital. Alterations over time in corrected calcium, phosphate, creatinine, and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were analyzed using the generalized estimating equation method. The percentage increase in creatinine from baseline to the maximum creatinine level (delta creatinine) was compared according to the underlying disease using the Mann–Whitney U test. Cox proportional hazard regression model was used to determine risk factors associated with renal insufficiency.The baseline creatinine, eGFR, corrected calcium, and phosphate levels were 0.72 ± 0.01 mg/dL (mean ± SD), 106.37 ± 1.06 mL/min/1.73 m2, 8.82 ± 0.04 mg/dL, and 3.42 ± 0.05 mg/dL, respectively. The creatinine level had increased significantly at 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 weeks, while the eGFR level had decreased significantly at these 5 time points. Multivariate analysis confirmed that age ≥60 years and the baseline bilirubin level were independently associated with the risk of renal insufficiency. Delta creatinine was significantly higher in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) than in patients without DM.Renal function was decreased from baseline in CHB patients receiving TDF therapy, which indicates that the renal function of patients undergoing treatment with TDF should be monitored regularly. Old age, DM, and serum bilirubin were risk factors for the development of renal insufficiency in CHB patients receiving TDF therapy.