: Edible films produced from denatured pea protein concentrate (PPC) solution possessed the strength and elasticity to resist handling. Increasing the concentration of the plasticizer (glycerol) in the film decreased tensile strength and elastic modulus, and increased elongation and water vapor permeability (WVP). Very strong and stretch‐able films were obtained from 70/30 and 60/40 of PPC/glycerol composition, respectively. The low WVP value was maintained over a range of glycerol concentration from 20% to 40%, in the dry film. Film solubility was not affected significantly by the amount of the plasticizer. The physical and mechanical properties of the PPC films were comparable with those of soy protein and whey protein films.

A new drug blocks platelet aggregation by interacting with the integrin receptor differently from current drugs that cause adverse side effects.

• The aIIbb3 headpiece points away from the lipid bilayer, and the lower legs are either bent (aIIb) or freely coiled (b3).• The linking region between the ecto-and TM domains likely transmits the TM conformational changes associated with inside-out activation.Integrin aIIbb3 plays a central role in hemostasis and thrombosis. We provide the first 3-dimensional reconstruction of intact purified aIIbb3 in a nanodisc lipid bilayer. Unlike previous models, it shows that the ligand-binding head domain is on top, pointing away from the membrane. Moreover, unlike the crystal structure of the recombinant ectodomain, the lower legs are not parallel, straight, and adjacent. Rather, the aIIb lower leg is bent between the calf-1 and calf-2 domains and the b3 Integrin-Epidermal Growth Factor (I-EGF) 2 to 4 domains are freely coiled rather than in a cleft between the b3 headpiece and the aIIb lower leg. Our data indicate an important role for the region that links the distal calf-2 and b-tail domains to their respective transmembrane (TM) domains in transmitting the conformational changes in the TM domains associated with inside-out activation. (Blood. 2013;122(26):4165-4171) IntroductionIntegrin receptors play important roles in a wide variety of physiological and pathological processes, including development, cell survival, immunity, malignancy, metastasis, and thrombosis. 1 The platelet aIIbb3 receptor is required for normal hemostasis and plays a permissive role in thrombosis; the latter has made it a validated target for preventing and treating heart attacks.2,3 Based on crystallographic studies of recombinant aIIbb3 and aVb3 ectodomains, 4,5 as well as electron microscopic studies of the recombinant ectodomains, [5][6][7] there is a broad consensus that unactivated aIIbb3 has a bent conformation with straight, parallel, and adjacent lower leg domains. Uncertainties remain, however, about the orientation of the aIIbb3 ectodomain relative to the transmembrane (TM) domain in full-length aIIbb3 in a lipid bilayer and the conformations of the leg domains. In fact, studies of full-length aIIbb3 in detergent using transmission cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM), small-angle neutron scattering (SANS), and small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) have indicated different ectodomain orientations, with the cryo-EM data interpreted as showing the head region oriented away from the membrane, and the SANS and SAXS data interpreted as showing the head region oriented toward the membrane. [8][9][10] Similarly, the cryo-EM data suggested that the lower leg domains were bent, whereas the SANS and SAXS studies were interpreted as consistent with the straight, parallel, and adjacent lower leg domain conformations observed in the crystal structure. In fact, it has been difficult to fit the crystallographic structure of the receptor with the data from cryo-EM, SAXS, or SANS. Materials and methodsMaterials n-octyl-b-D-glucoside (OG), 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC), and 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(19-rac-glycerol) (DMP...

Pea‐protein isolate solutions were heat‐denatured and dried to form stand‐alone edible films. Heat treatment at 90 °C over 5 min increased tensile strength and elongation‐at‐break, and decreased the elastic modulus. No significant differences were found in the initial contact angle of water and surface energies of heat‐denatured films from those of nonheated films except for the 20 min heat‐treated film. Additionally, heat denaturation reduced the water absorption rate of the films to 19 to 40% of the nonheated film. FTIR spectroscopy showed that more water existed in the nonheated films as compared to the heat‐denatured films. Electrophoresis studies suggested that intermolecular disulfide bonds were created during heat denaturation, which resulted in increased film integrity.

A collection of αIIbβ3 integrin receptor antagonists possessing a unique MIDAS metal ion displacement mechanism of action is presented. Insight into these agents’ structure-activity relationships, binding modality, and pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles highlight the potential of these small molecule ion displacement ligands as attractive candidates for clinical development.

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Wine yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae D8) and non-Saccharomyces wine yeasts (Hanseniaspora uvarum S6 and Issatchenkia orientalis KMBL5774) were studied using air-blast drying instead of the conventional drying methods (such as freeze and spray drying). Skim milk—a widely used protective agent—was used and in all strains, the highest viabilities following air-blast drying were obtained using 10% skim milk. Four excipients (wheat flour, nuruk, artichoke powder, and lactomil) were evaluated as protective agents for yeast strains during air-blast drying. Our results showed that 7 g lactomil was the best excipient in terms of drying time, powder form, and the survival rate of the yeast in the final product. Finally, 7 types of sugars were investigated to improve the survival rate of air-blast dried yeast cells: 10% trehalose, 10% sucrose, and 10% glucose had the highest survival rate of 97.54, 92.59, and 79.49% for S. cerevisiae D8, H. uvarum S6, and I. orientalis KMBL5774, respectively. After 3 months of storage, S. cerevisiae D8 and H. uvarum S6 demonstrated good survival rates (making them suitable for use as starters), whereas the survival rate of I. orientalis KMBL5774 decreased considerably compared to the other strains. Air-blast dried S. cerevisiae D8 and H. uvarum S6 showed metabolic activities similar to those of non-dried yeast cells, regardless of the storage period. Air-blast dried I. orientalis KMBL5774 showed a noticeable decrease in its ability to decompose malic acid after 3 months of storage at 4 °C.

2.1.4. Historical Events Contributing to Development of Seamless Knitting .