and those measured on PDMS were 100.1 and 77.7. Surface energies of indium tin oxide (ITO) and Alq 3 and interfacial energy from the literature [14] which will bring revolutionary advances in the display technology, owing to attributes such as thin and flexible materials, fast switching times, and low-power consumption. However, current electrochromic technologies need to be improved in order to play moving images due to their slow color-switching rates.[1,2,5±11] Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) and its derivatives are an ideal electrochromic material of conducting polymers for electronic paper due to their good color, mechanical stabilities, and facile fabrication.[5±11] Much work has been performed in order to improve contrast ratios and color switching rates by synthetic approaches.[5±11] It appears, however, that there are no examples of their use in electrochromic displays with moving-image speeds (24 frames/s; switching times of < 40 ms). This is due to the fact that the color-switching rate of PEODT is limited by the diffusion rate of counter-ions into the film during the redox process. The diffusion time, t, of ions required to reach a saturation concentration in a polymer film, that implies switching time, is proportional to the square of film thickness, x: t µ x 2 /D, where D is the diffusion coefficient of an ion in a polymer film. [12,13] Therefore, the simplest way to overcome the slow switching rates is to decrease the diffusion distance of ions, that is, to reduce film thickness. Based on the reported switching time of 2.2 s for a 300 nm thick PEDOT film, [5] we expect the switching time to be approximately 10 ms for a 20 nm thick film. However, the coloration of such a thin film is never sufficient for display applications. An array structure of PEDOT nanotubes provides an attractive solution to both of these limitations, slow switching rates and extent of coloration. Figure 1 explains that the wall thickness of PEDOT nanotubes can provide ions with short COMMUNICATIONS

Directional attraction with lateral repulsion between colloidal nanoparticles can create their supracolloidal chains. Here, we demonstrate supracolloidal polymers of diblock copolymer micelles, which were polymerized by adjusting the polarity of the solvent. We also synthesized supracolloidal random and block copolymer chains.

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Mixtures of Ag(hexanoate) and Ag(palmitate) give thermoreversible gels at very low concentration in toluene. The framework of the gel is composed of the branched nanosized fibers, contrary to the microsized wire precipitates of silver(I) carboxylates. The randomness of mixed-ligand silver(I) carboxylate polymeric chains hinders the crystallization process, resulting in very thin fibrils. This may be a new approach to design and control the properties of materials, which do not have properties involving gels or nanostructures in a conventional process.

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