BackgroundThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship of pulmonary function impairment (PFI) and coronary artery calcification (CAC) by multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT), and the effect of pneumoconiosis on CAC or PFI.MethodsSeventy-six subjects exposed to inorganic dusts underwent coronary artery calcium scoring by MDCT, spirometry, laboratory tests, and a standardized questionnaire. CAC was quantified using a commercial software (Rapidia ver. 2.8), and all the subjects were divided into two categories according to total calcium scores (TCSs), either the non-calcified (<1) or the calcified (≥1) group. Obstructive pulmonary function impairment (OPFI) was defined as forced expiratory volume in one second/forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC, %)<70, and as FEV1/FVC (%)≥70 and FVC<80 for restrictive pulmonary function impairment (RPFI) by spirometry. All subjects were classified as either the case (profusion≥1/0) or the control (profusion≤0/1) group by pneumoconiosis findings on simple digital radiograph.ResultsOf the 76 subjects, 35 subjects (46.1%) had a CAC. Age and hypertension were different significantly between the non-calcified and the calcified group (p<0.05). Subjects with pneumoconiosis were more frequent in the calcified group than those in the non-calcified group (p=0.099). FEV1/FVC (%) was significantly correlated with TCSs (r=-0.316, p=0.005). Subjects with OPFI tended to increase significantly with increasing of TCS (4.82, p=0.028), but not significantly in RPFI (2.18, p=0.140). Subjects with OPFI were significantly increased in the case group compared to those in the control group.ConclusionCAC is significantly correlated with OPFI, and CAC and OPFI may be affected by pneumoconiosis findings.
Background: Pulmonary emphysema (PE) is major cause of obstructive pulmonary function impairment (OPFI), which is diagnosed by spirometry. PE by high resolution CT is known to be correlated with OPFI. Recently, low dose CT (LDCT) has been increasingly used for screening interstitial lung diseases including PE. The aim of this study was to evaluate OPFI risks of subjects with PE detected by LDCT compared with those detected by simple digital radiography (SDR). Methods: LDCT and spirometry were administered to 266 inorganic dust exposed retired workers, from May 30, 2007 to August 31, 2008. This study was approved by our institutional review board and informed consent was obtained. OPFI risk was defined as less than 0.7 of forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1)/forced vital capacity (FVC), and relative risk (RR) of OPFI of PE was calculated by multiple logistic regression analysis. Results: Of the 266 subjects, PE was found in 28 subjects (10.5%) by LDCT and in 11 subjects (4.1%) by SDR; agreement was relatively low (kappa value=0.32, p<0.001). FEV1 and FEV1/FVC were significantly different between PE and no PE groups determined by either SDR or LDCT. The differences between groups were larger when the groups were divided by the findings of SDR. When PE was present in either LDCT or SDR assays, the RRs of OPFI were 2.34 and 8.65, respectively. Conclusion: LDCT showed significantly higher sensitivity than SDR for detecting PE, especially low grade PE, in which pulmonary function is not affected. As a result, the OPFI risks in the PE group by LDCT was lower than that in the PE group by SDR.
Purpose : A Switch B/L refers to a bill that is issued as a substitute for an original B/L but which is not identical in all respects to the bill that it is replacing. In Docket No.2018Da204018, there was a dispute as to the validity of switch B/L which was issued by the freight forwarder at the request of the intermediary without authority from the original B/L’issuer as the carrier. The supreme court of Korea ruled that this B/L can not be regarded as valid B/L under the Korean Law. This article analyses Docket No.2018Da204018 according to the English law, and proposes some recommendations for the carrier, when he issues the switch B/L. Research design, data, methodology : This article adopts the legal methodology which utilizes textbooks, journal articles, electronic resources, UK COGSA(1992), and several cases from the English court. Results : This article finds that, under the English law, three requirements for an effective switch B/L are a proper requester, a proper issuer, and a legitimacy reason for issuing the switch B/L. Thus, this article concludes that the switch B/L in Docket No.2018da204018 shall not be recognized as a valid B/L, because it clearly lacked the second requirement naming a proper issuer. Conclusions : The carrier potentially has greater liability over issuing the switch B/L than the requester. Therefore, when issuing the switch B/L, it is crucial for the carrier to verify the requester, obtain a legitimacy reason for issuing the switch B/L, and to insist upon surrendering the original B/L..
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
customersupport@researchsolutions.com
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.