Our findings support a model of alcohol withdrawal clustering along the two dimensions of vegetative and psychopathological severity. Furthermore, the AWS may be useful to predict the course of alcohol withdrawal already at the first day of treatment.
The large intestine extracts water from chyme and compacts chyme into faecal conglomerates; it is unclear what role the special pockets known as colonic haustra have in these events. Here we monitored the movements of haustra in isolated preparations of guinea pig caecum using videocamera and ultrasound and related them to contractions of muscle flaps and movements of glass beads in haustral pockets. We found that in partially filled caecal loops localized contractions of taeniae shift volume back and forth between adjacent haustra; volume unfolds haustral walls in a characteristic sweep with sequential intrahaustral folds popping out; cyclic contractions and relaxations of the fold then produce the caterpillar-like movement known as haustral rolling; ultrasound showed that haustral rolling made the haustral flow channel narrower and longer as haustral folds increase their height from 7.5 +/- 1.5 mm to 16 +/- 4 mm and their distance from 4.1 +/- 0.2 mm to 7.9 +/- 0.3 mm; luminal contents were alternatively shaken off the haustral wall, whirled around the lumen or left to settle. We also suspended the row of haustra between two taeniae inside a frame and attached flaps of taeniae and haustral folds to strain gauges to record their mechanical activity; both taeniae and haustral folds produced an undulating baseline tension; during rolling, folds produced phasic contractions at 17 +/- 2 cycles min-1 which propagated distally across haustral septa; rolling constantly shuffled around glass beads placed inside the haustra. When we stimulated the intramural nerves to the caecum through bipolar electrodes, all contractile activity was temporarily inhibited and haustral septa flattened; a rebound contraction then propagated aborally from the caecal pole and swept the glass beads ahead of it. Thus, tonic contractions of taeniae shift caecal contents back and forth across haustral septa; expansion of haustra triggers haustral rolling which shuffles contents; both these movements produce local flow within and between haustra which might enhance the separation of solid and liquid colonic contents.
A dataset of psychiatric ICD-10 diagnoses from the Danish case register concerning psychiatric hospitals was compared with a sample of psychiatric diagnoses from 27 psychiatric hospitals in Germany. The comparison shows a higher proportion of F1 diagnoses in the German dataset and a difference in the coding of alcohol dependence and harmful use. Some further differences in the groups F0–F6 are demonstrated and some of them are discussed. The most frequent diagnoses found in both datasets but in different sequence are alcohol dependence syndrome and paranoid schizophrenia and, in third place, adjustment disorder. Various aspects of the problem of rarely used diagnoses are discussed.
Thirty male alcohol dependent inpatients without concurrent depressive disorder, 13 of them with a positive family history of alcohol dependence in a first degree relative (PFH), were questioned about their desire and consumption habits with respect to cigarettes, coffee, and sweets while on a three-week inpatient treatment after detoxification from alcohol. Six weeks after discharge from hospital, the patients were reassessed for relapse. Eleven patients (36.6%) had relapsed at follow-up. Relapsers were younger than abstainers. The days until relapse correlated negatively with intensity of desire to drink alcohol, desire to smoke cigarettes, and with a higher consumption of cigarettes. PFH patients did not relapse earlier but they had a stronger desire to drink coffee and eat sweets and had a higher coffee consumption.
<span class="fett">Einleitung:</span> Der Community Reinforcement Approach (CRA) ist ein in den USA entwickeltes umfassendes verhaltenstherapeutisches Konzept zur Behandlung von substanzbezogenen Störungen und Problemen. Es basiert auf der Grundannahme, dass Verstärker aus dem sozialen Umfeld erheblichen Einfluss darauf nehmen, ob eine Person mit Substanzabhängigkeit den Konsum von Alkohol oder Drogen fortsetzt oder einstellt. </p><p> <span class="fett">Ziel:</span> Darstellung der wichtigsten Module und der Untersuchungen zur Effektivität des Behandlungskonzeptes. </p><p> <span class="fett">Methodik:</span> Literaturrecherche in der Datenbank MEDLINE. </p><p> <span class="fett">Ergebnisse:</span> Die überwiegende Anzahl der veröffentlichten Studien belegt eine gegenüber einer Standardbehandlung bessere Wirksamkeit von CRA hinsichtlich einer Suchtmittelabstinenz sowohl bei alkohol- als auch bei opioid- und kokainabhängigen Patienten.
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