The stationary photovoltaic array can be used to charge the different vehicle batteries and, in parallel, be used as a power source for the utility grid or standalone devices placed such as in campers. The main objective of the study was to compare chosen electrical characteristics of two assemblies with each containing the same PV array, boost converter and inverter, and a different battery, such as the Li-S one and the Li-ion one, respectively. Differences occurring during modelling of Li-ion and Li-S batteries were discussed. The model of the chosen photovoltaic array was used during analysis. The models based on electrical equivalent circuits for Li-ion battery and of Li-S battery were utilized during calculations. The models of the boost converter and boost inverter of known topology parameters were utilized during simulations. In the chosen performances (courses of voltages and currents versus time) obtained from the simulation of the sets composed of the Li-S battery cooperating with the boost inverter or the boost converter, only small differences or no differences occurred when compared to the case of the Li-ion battery.
Following research paper introduces a nonlinear method of determining the velocity of a vehicle before the impact-the Equivalent Energy Speed (EES) for mini car class. To estimate the magnitude of EES, this method utilizes the deformation work Wdef of the vehicle, defined by the quotient of deformation coefficient Cs and plastic deformation. Currently used methods assume linear relationship between velocity, deformation and mass of the vehicle. New approach estimates such relation by means of three dimensional surfaces. Such mathematical model is based on data provided by National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) that covers full frontal collisions with a rigid barrier. Vehicles take part in a standardized collision and are being crashed at a known velocity. Then the deformation is measured in six control points. Method introduces the B-spline tensor products and least square approximation with probabilistic weights that shows promising results. Linear approach generates relative error of 18.2% whereas the nonlinear approach reduces it down to 11.2%.
Skid marks are an important source of information for road accident investigators. Up till now, analyzing them was a difficult task when ABS equipped vehicles are considered. Authors managed to solve this issue using IR spectroscopy. There are several factors to consider when investigating brake marks and one of them is slip ratio that was taken into account in this paper. Results show that for slip of 10% and more, IR spectroscopy technology was successful at revealing skid marks.
Detailed analysis of literature showed that there is no method that can be used in order to investigate skid marks left by vehicles equipped with ABS. Authors decided to identify braking trace by using IR spectroscopy. Preliminary studies have been performed and results were promising. Due to that fact authors decided to conduct detailed research where the influence of various factors on the possibility of revealing breaking traces would be taken into account. This article is the first in a series of articles taking into account the influence of various factors on the possibility of revealing breaking marks using IR spectroscopy. In this article the influence of the type of asphalt was studied. Authors conducted tests with the most popular types of asphalts used for the wearing course. 100 samples from 5 different types of asphalt were prepared. Each sample was measured 3 times to create its spectrum. The results were analyzed thoroughly using the dedicated SpectraGryph software. The analysis showed that for 4 out of 5 types of tested asphalt, the braking traces were visible at a wavelength of approximately 11 500 nm. Only for the rubberized asphalt there weren’t possibility to reveal skid mark.
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