The membrane receptor FAT/CD36 facilitates the major fraction of long-chain fatty acid (FA) uptake by muscle and adipose tissues. In line with the well-known effects of FA metabolism on carbohydrate utilization and insulin responsiveness, altered expression of CD36 has been linked to phenotypic features of the metabolic syndrome including insulin resistance and dyslipidemia. FA metabolism is also known to significantly affect insulin secretion. However, the role of CD36 in this process remains unknown, since its expression levels and function in the pancreas have not been explored. In the present study, freshly isolated human islets and a mouse-derived beta-cell line (MIN6) were shown positive for CD36 expression by RT-PCR, Western blot, and immunofluorescence. The identity of the PCR product was confirmed by microsequencing. The identified transcript was translated and the protein was expressed and subjected to the known posttranslational glycosylation. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer analysis and subcellular protein fractionation indicated that insulin and CD36 are colocalized in the secretory granules of beta-cells. Islet CD36 functioned in FA uptake because this process was blocked by the irreversible CD36 inhibitor sulfosuccinimidyl-oleate. More importantly, sulfosuccinimidyl-oleate reversed enhancing and inhibiting effects, respectively, of acute and long-term palmitate incubations on glucose-dependent insulin secretion. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that human islets express CD36 in the plasma membrane as well as in the insulin secretory granules. CD36 activity appears important for uptake of FA into beta-cells as well as for mediating their modulatory effects on insulin secretion.
Children and adolescents with Type 1 diabetes mellitus have a very wide range of insulin sensitivity, which is determined by sex, age, amount of adipose tissue and glycaemic control.
IntroductionThe role of monokine induced by interferon-γ (IFN-γ, MIG/CXCL9), IFN-γ-inducible protein (IP-10/CXCL10), and IFN-inducible T cell α chemoattractant (I-TAC/CXCL11) in allergic inflammation has not been explored in detail in vivo. The aim of the study was to examine the changes in concentrations of MIG/CXCL9, IP-10/CXCL10 and I-TAC/CXCL11 in nasal lavages collected from healthy and allergic subjects during nasal allergen challenge.Material and methodsSubjects allergic to grass pollen and healthy controls were included. Nasal allergen challenge preceded by placebo administration was performed outside the pollen season. Nasal lavages were collected before and 30 min after application of the placebo and 30 min after allergen administration. Concentrations of chemokines were determined using ELISA.ResultsWe observed significantly higher concentrations of IP-10/CXCL10 in allergic patients compared to the healthy subjects before (354.49 ±329.24 vs. 164.62 ±175.94 pg/ml; p = 0.036), 30 min after placebo (420.3 ±421.28 vs. 246.88 ±353.24 pg/ml; p = 0.021) and 30 min after allergen administration (403.28 ±359.29 vs. 162.68 ±148.69 pg/ml; p = 0.025). IP-10/CXCL10 levels did not change 30 min after allergen provocation. In contrast, MIG/CXCL9 levels were similar in both groups before and after placebo. However, a significant rise in MIG/CXCL9 concentration was noted in allergic patients 30 min after the allergen (138.88 ±109.59 vs. 395.8 ±301.2 pg/ml; p = 0.00026). I-TAC/CXCL11 concentrations increased after placebo as well as the allergen in both groups.ConclusionsIP-10/CXCL10 concentrations are elevated in nasal lavages from allergic patients and this chemokine may play a role in chronic allergic inflammation. MIG/CXCL9 levels increase rapidly after allergen application, which may suggest its role in the early allergic response. Results on I-TAC/CXCL11 concentrations remain inconclusive.
Objective. To identify barriers and personnel attitudes towards realization of palliative care principles in neonatological units. Study Design. An anonymous questionnaire was posted to all heads of departments and head nurses of all the 27 neonatological units in the Lodz area. Results. We received 46 (85%) questionnaires. Final analysis comprised 42 properly filled-in questionnaires (by 22 doctors and 20 nurses). In case of prenatal diagnosis of a lethal defect, 77.27% of doctors and 65% of nurses opted for informing the mother also about the possibility of pregnancy continuation and organization of palliative care after delivery. Most of respondents accepted conditions for abortion pointed by the Polish law. The most common barriers pointed out by both groups were insufficient knowledge of the personnel on palliative medicine and family preference for life sustaining treatment. Conclusions. Understanding attitudes of personnel towards palliative care and identification of barriers are a starting point for future efforts to improve the system of neonatological care.
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