Theories developed in the so-called "second-generation" cognitive sciences have permitted significant advances in our understanding of how human beings find linguistic and other forms of symbolic representation to be meaningful. 1 In particular, since about 1980, research coming from the "embodiment paradigm" in cognitive psychology and cognitive linguistics has demonstrated just how much people's ability to make sense of their experience is underwritten by conceptual structures and cognitive processes that emerge from interactions among brain, body, and world.Rejecting any view of cognition as abstract symbol manipulation, embodiment theorists claim that thought -and hence the structure and use of language -is in fact directly grounded in the human body's sensory and motor capacities. To the extent that Classics considers itself a broadly * I wish to thank this volume's editors as well as Douglas Cairns and the press's anonymous referees for providing excellent feedback on earlier versions of this paper. The usual disclaimers apply about any remaining omissions or errors. 1 Differing from traditional "first generation" cognitive science which viewed cognition largely in information-processing terms as abstract symbol manipulation -a view that has been dubbed the 'MIND-AS-COMPUTER' metaphor -the "second generation" cognitive sciences emphasize mental processes as embodied, embedded, enacted, and extended (generally grouped as "4E theory"):
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