IntroductionThe increasing blood glucose level due to insulin resistance which occurs in diabetes mellitus (DM) may cause vascular damage. This study aims to prove the effect of the polysaccharide peptide (PsP) Ganoderma lucidum on improving vascular damage through an increase of circulating endothelial cells and circulating endothelial cells (CEC) ratio, decreased H2O2, triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC) and insulin resistance in type 2 DM.MethodsOur study is a true experimental study with randomized posttest control group design that used 35 Wistar rats divided into five groups: normal, control (+) and three groups of different variant PsP doses 50, 150 and 300 mg/kg BW (n=7).ResultsBy using one-way ANOVA and post-hoc Duncan test, the results show a significant increase of endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) concentration (p=0.000) and ratio EPC:CEC (0.000) by dose-dependent fashion and also reduced CEC concentration (p=0.001), H2O2 (p=0.03), TG (p=0.001), TC (p=0.01) and insulin resistance (p=0.003).ConclusionIn this study, PsP induced endothelial repairing process and reduced the risk factor with 300 mg/kg BW as optimum dose. However, further research on EPC and CEC detection markers is important. Further research on PsP and clinical trial for commercial uses is also needed.

Introduction Smoking can cause vascular damage in the form of an inflammatory reaction characterized by endothelial activation. Endothelial activation forms a pathological adaptation pattern so that it can induce the atherogenesis process. Several markers, such as E-selectin, platelet-derived micro particles (PMPs) and hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) can identify the activation of endothelial in circulating blood. Therefore, the deviation of vascular adaptation due to smoking can be detected early through the feedback mechanism between E-selectin, PMPs, and HSC. Purpose This study aims to analyze the initial picture of the negative impact of smoking on vascular adaptation by measuring E-selectin, PMPs, and HSC in the peripheral blood circulation. Participant criteria and methods: Peripheral blood samples (5 mL) were taken from each participant, both the smoking group (n = 30) and the non-smoker group (n = 31) to obtain peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNC). PBMNC was isolated using ficoll-based gradient centrifugation. The flow cytometry assay method used to measure the E-selectin, PMPs and hematopoietic stem cells. Results The mean of circulating E-selectin in smokers was higher than that of non-smokers. On the other hand, the average number of PMPs and HSCs in smokers was lower than non-smokers. Conclusion Smoking increases the risk of accelerated vascular block formation, as indicated by an increase in the amount of circulating E-selectin. The increase in E-selectin in the blood vessels mediates the increased adhesion of PMPs in the vascular area so that the number of circulating PMPs in smokers decreases. The decrease in circulating PMPs decreases the signal of vascular repair, which is characterized by a decline in the number of HSCs.

INTRODUCTION Endothelial Progenitor Cells (EPCs) are part of hematopoietic stem cells that differentiate into endothelial cells during their blood vessels’ maturation process. The role of EPCs is widely known to contribute to repair of the vascular wall when endothelial dysfunction occurs. However, various risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) influence EPC performance, leading to endothelial dysfunction. One EPC dysfunction is decreased amount of EPC mobilization to the injured tissue. EPC dysfunction reduces the angiogenetic function of EPCs. The vital maturation process that the EPCs must pass is the late phase. The dysfunction of late EPCs is known as senescence. This study aimed to identify and compare senescence of late EPCs, through CD62E and CD41 markers, in non-smokers and smokers as a risk factor for CVD. METHODS EPC collection was from peripheral mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in non-smokers (n=30) and smokers (n=31). The EPCs were then marked by CD62E/CD41 and senescence β-galactosidase assay using FACS. Identification of senescence cells was based on fluorescence with DAPI. RESULTS Positive percentage of late EPCs in non-smokers was not significantly different from that in smokers (p=0.014). The number of senescent late EPCs in smokers was higher than in non-smokers (p<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Endothelial progenitor cells that experienced senescence in the smokers showed EPC dysfunction, which resulted in decreased cell angiogenic function. Further research is needed to explain the mechanism of re-endothelialization failure in EPC dysfunction due to smoking.

BACKGROUND: Obesity has been widely reported to be associated with loss of kidney function. The efficacy of β-1,3/1,6-D-glucan as a traditional medicine for the improvement of inflammation and vascular status in obesity has known. However, there have been no further studies that prove the effect of β-1,3/1,6-D-glucan in inhibiting kidney injury as an impact of chronic inflammation exposure on obesity. This study aimed to investigate the impact of β-1,3/1,6-D-glucan from mycelia extract supplementation on renal function improvement based on serum nitric oxide (NO), ureum, and creatinine levels.METHODS: This was a randomized control trial study involving 69 obese subjects treated with or without β-1,3/1,6-D-glucan supplementation. The serum NO, ureum, and creatinine levels of the subjects were measured at baseline and post-treatment using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and then statistically analyzed with paired T-test.RESULTS: Although slightly decrease, no significant difference was found between the ureum and creatinine level at the baseline and and post-treatment (p=0.806, p=0.306, respectively) after β-1,3/1,6-D-glucan supplementation. Serum NO levels significantly decrease after treatment of β-1,3/1,6-D-glucan (p<0.001).CONCLUSION: Current study concludes that β-1,3/1,6-D-glucan from mycelia extract does not significantly lower urea and creatinine level, however, significantly able to reduce the serum NO concentration in obese subjects. Therefore, β-1,3/1,6-D-glucan from mycelia extract might have the renal protection potential in obesity.KEYWORDS: β-1,3/1,6-D-glucan, Ganoderma lucidum, renal function improvement, obesity

Context: Vaginal atrophy has been observed as a common sexual problem in post-menopausal women. The targeted protein to counteract menopause problems related to vaginal epithelial thinning is currently a research problem that has not been fully investigated. Aims: To explore the possible mechanism underlying vaginal atrophy in rat models. Methods: Following three-week ovariectomy (OVX), Sprague-Dawley female rats were randomly divided into two groups and orally administered estradiol for two weeks in the treated group. In parallel with this, six rats with sham surgery were used as control. Marker-related vaginal atrophy, including calcitonin gene-related protein (CGRP), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and nerve growth factor (NGF) in the vaginal wall, were compared using immunohistochemistry. Results: OVX as a menopausal model significantly induced vaginal epithelial cell thinning and decreased the expression of CGRP, VEGF, and NGF compared with sham surgery animals (p<0.05). Estrogen replacement in OVX rats reversed the vaginal atrophic by recovering the protein expression CGRP, VEGF, and NGF (p<0.05). Conclusions: Thus, it may be concluded that a possible mechanism underlying the OVX-induced vaginal atrophy may be related to the downregulation expression of CGRP, VEGF, and NGF in vaginal tissue.

Dyslipidemia is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease through atherogenesis induction. The productive age of early adulthood today has different eating habits in relation to increasing culinary lifestyles and food hunter habits. In general, dyslipidemia rarely causes early phase symptoms. We suspect that there is an increase in the group with impaired lipid profiles related to dietary habits that do not pay attention to the essential needs of eating. The collected serum was carried out using a venous puncture procedure on 45 early adult subjects (men n = 9; women n = 36) aged 19-27 years in Malang City. The lipids were analysed for lipid profiles including TC, TG, HDL-c, and LDL-c. The results of men respondents showed higher differences in the lipid profiles of TC (p = 0.000), TG (p = 0.001), and LDL (p = 0.000) than women while HDL-c levels (p = 0.010) in women had higher differences than men. Dumpling (contains noodles and beef) has positive correlation with TG, TC, and LDL. At least in this study, we found that men in early adult had a higher lipid profile compared to women. This is of course related to diet have an impact on increasing lipid levels. For this reason, it is advisable to maintain a more productive eating habits to reduce the risk of dyslipidemia.

Abstrak Pendahuluan Hiperuresemia merupakan peningkatan kadar asam urat pada darah. Prevalensi hiperuresemia mengalami peningkatan. Gout merupakan gangguan metabolik yang ditandai dengan peningkatan kadar asam urat (hiperuresemia). Hiperuresemia jika tidak ditangani dengan tepat maka dapat dapat mengancam nyawa manusia. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui gambaran kejadian hiperuresemia pada warga di RT 02 RW 03 Kelurahan Arjosari Kecamatan Blimbing Kota Malang. Data yang diteliti adalah jenis kelamin, usia, pendidikan, pekerjaan dan pendapatan. Metode penelitian yang digunakan design penelitian observasi analitik cross sectional, pengambilan data dilakukan dengan wawancara dan pengukuran kadar asam urat dalam darah melalui metode test stick kadar asam urat darah. Teknik pengambilan sampel menggunakan Simple Random Sampling dengan jumlah sampel 50 responden. Hasil penelitian didapatkan karakteristik responden berdasarkan jenis kelamin perempuan lebih besar 68,4 %, karakteristik usia sebagian besar berusia 50-59 tahun dengan persentase 42,1%, karakteristik responden berdasarkan pendidikan berasal jenjang perguruan tinggi sebesar 36,8 %, karakteristik responden berdasarkan jenis pekerjaan sebagian besar tidak bekerja/IRT sebesar 52,6% dan karakteristik responden berdasarkan pendapatan sebesar  >2.000.000 perbulan dengan persentase  42,1 %.  Kesimpulan Hasil penelitian ini  diharapkan mampu dijadikan kebijakan kesehatan masyarakat untuk selalu menerapkan pola makan yang sehat, diet rendah purin, dan rutin berolahraga.   Kata Kunci: Hiperuresemia; Asam urat; Karakteristik individu

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