The welfare state system is a popular economic system nowadays. At least more than fifteen countries have the characteristics of a welfare state economic system with their respective character and features. Esping-Andersen divided the welfare system classification into three major groups, namely the conservative welfare state, socio-democratic welfare state, and liberal welfare state. This article attempts to link the idea and foundation of a welfare state system is two utmost significant economists, John Maynard Keynes and John Roger Commons. Based on history of economic thought, Keynes's thought about the system of welfare states can be seen and traced in the liberal welfare state system on Esping-Andersen classification. On the other hand, traces of Commons' thought can be seen in the socio-democratic state welfare system. Therefore, both Keynes and Commons can be categorized as the founding fathers of the welfare state system. Since their thought about the role of the state is the foundation of welfare state system, long before the United Kingdom began implementing the modern welfare state system in the 1980s. In addition, this study also attempts to undertake comparative analysis of economic systems and present the empirical data on the performance of welfare countries based Esping-Andersen classification in three categories: economic performance, quality & health performance, and level of accumulation of human resources. It is hoped that with the facts presented here there will be further discussion regarding the welfare state system.
Human capital investment such as access to education and better nutrition has been considered as one of the way for poor households to avoid intergenerational poverty. Better education and nutrition for children will improve productivity in the future. Some programs related to poverty reduction has launched by the Government of Indonesia to guarantee children from poor families to easily access education and receive better nutrition and health care. However, there is no program targeting single mother household. This paper presents the effect of single mother on children well-being and education attainment. We use data from Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS) and take specific variables such as parent marital status, per capita expenditure, access to health and education facilities, and children test scores. Byusing Structural Equation Model (SEM) and comparing the effects of divorced single-mother families and widowed single-mother families on boys and girls well-being, we find that divorce and larger household size appear to increase household poverty. In the second part of the equation, higher poverty proving to be decreasing the children's educational attainment. JEL classification: D19, I00, J12
Abstract. This study implements behavioural economics and fraud auditing approach. This study looks at several factors that have been cited in previous studies as determinants of bribery. The result shows that long tenure increases the probability of corruption between civilian and public servant and penalty can be a good disincentive for corrupt behaviour but it is more effective towards the recipient instead of briber.
A book review dealing with the liberal arts' importance and the critiques made on the discipline taught in academic curriculum. The followings are the data about the book:Keyword:Education, Liberal Arts, American Education SystemPublisher:W.W. Norton & Company. Inc. 2015. New YorkLength:200 pagesPrice:$23.95 (hardcover)Reading rating:8 (1 = very difficult; 10 = very easy)Overall rating:3 (1 = average; 4 = outstanding)
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