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Porous starch is attracting very much attention for its absorption and shielding ability in many food applications. The effect of two different enzymes, fungal α-amylase (AM) or amyloglucosidase (AMG), on corn starch at sub-gelatinization temperature was studied as an alternative to obtain porous starch. Biochemical features, thermal and structural analyses of treated starches were studied. Microscopic analysis of the granules confirmed the enzymatic modification of the starches obtaining porous structures with more agglomerates in the case of AMG treated starches. Several changes in thermal properties and hydrolysis kinetics were observed in enzymatically modified starches. Hydration properties were significantly affected by enzymatic modification being greater influenced by AMG activity, and the opposite trend was observed in the pasting properties. Overall, results showed that enzymatic modification at sub-gelatinization temperatures really offer an attractive alternative for obtaining porous starch granules to be used in a variety of foods applications.

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The effect of different protein sources (soy flour, lupin flour, egg albumin, gelatin powder, protein‐rich beer yeast flour) on wheat dough functionality was tested by determining gluten index, texture properties, and thermomechanical parameters. Transglutaminase (TG) was also added to improve the dough functionality by forming cross‐links. The presence of protein sources had a significant effect on the gluten index, with the exception of lupin flour. Gelatin and the presence of TG resulted in significant single effects on the texture properties of the wheat‐protein dough. All the protein sources significantly modified the mixing characteristics of the dough or the thermal behavior. Capillary electrophoresis studies of the water‐soluble, salt‐soluble, and glutenin proteins indicated that interactions were mainly within proteins, thus homologous polymers. Scanning electron microscopy studies of the doughs made from blends of wheat and protein sources doughs supported the formation of heterologous structures in the wheat‐lupin blends. The combination of TG and lupin would be a promising method to be used on the treatment of insect‐damaged or weak flours, to increase the gluten strength.