NAFLD is found in over a quarter of the general adult Chinese population, but the proportion of patients with advanced fibrosis is low. Modest alcohol consumption does not increase the risk of fatty liver or liver fibrosis.

SW elastography provides more accurate correlation of liver elasticity with liver fibrosis stage compared with transient elastography, especially in identification of stage F2 or greater.

One-fifth of the general non-obese Chinese population has NAFLD. Non-obese patients with NAFLD do not have a higher risk of steatohepatitis or advanced fibrosis. Patients with risk factors of advanced fibrosis such as metabolic syndrome and PNPLA3 G allele carriage should be assessed for severe NAFLD.

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OBJECTIVES:Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is the most common chronic liver disease. Fatty pancreas has also been described but is diffi cult to assess. It is now possible to measure pancreatic and liver fat accurately with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We aimed to defi ne the normal range of pancreatic fat and identify factors associated with fatty pancreas. In addition, the effect of fatty liver and fatty pancreas on insulin resistance (IR) and pancreatic ␤ -cell function was studied. METHODS:Fat-water MRI and proton-magnetic resonance spectroscopy were performed on 685 healthy volunteers from the general population to measure pancreatic and liver fat, respectively. On the basis of fasting plasma glucose and insulin levels, the IR and ␤ -cell function were assessed using the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA). RESULTS:Among subjects without signifi cant alcohol consumption or any component of metabolic syndrome, 90 % had pancreatic fat between 1.8 and 10.4 % . Using the upper limit of normal of 10.4 % , 110 (16.1 % ; 95 % confi dence interval 13.3 -18.8 % ) subjects had fatty pancreas. On multivariable analysis, high serum ferritin, central obesity, and hypertriglyceridemia were independent factors associated with fatty pancreas. Subjects with both fatty pancreas and fatty liver had higher HOMA-IR than did those with either condition alone. Fatty pancreas was not associated with HOMA-β after adjusting for liver fat and body mass index.CONCLUSIONS: In all, 16.1 % of this community cohort of adult Hong Kong Chinese volunteers had a fatty pancreas by our defi nition. Central obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, and hyperferritinemia are associated with fatty pancreas. Individuals with fatty pancreas have increased IR.

BACKGROUND & AIMS:Recently, a group of hepatologists proposed to rename non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) as metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) with modified diagnostic criteria. We aimed to study the impact of the new definition on the epidemiology of fatty liver disease. METHODS:We randomly selected 1013 adults from the Hong Kong census database for clinical assessment, proton-magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and transient elastography. Five hundred sixty-five subjects without fatty liver at baseline underwent follow-up assessment. MAFLD was diagnosed as intrahepatic triglyceride content (IHTG) ‡5% and the presence of overweight/obesity, diabetes, or two other metabolic risk factors, with and without concomitant liver diseases. The diagnosis of NAFLD required the exclusion of concomitant liver diseases; metabolic factors were not considered. RESULTS:The population prevalence of MAFLD and NAFLD was 25.9% (95% CI 23.2-28.7%) and 25.7% (95% CI 23.1-28.5%), respectively. Among 277 subjects with IHTG ‡5%, 247 (89.2%) fulfilled both the definitions of MAFLD and NAFLD. Fourteen subjects (5.1%) had IHTG ‡5% but did not meet the metabolic criteria of MAFLD. The incidence of MAFLD was 2.8 per 100 person-years at

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This paper is a comprehensive review of the Doppler waveform appearance of ureteric jets. Six jet waveform patterns have been identified: monophasic, biphasic, triphasic, polyphasic, square and continuous. Details of the physical properties of jet patterns and their changes under various physiological conditions are illustrated. The immature monophasic ureteric jet pattern is common in infancy and early childhood up to around 4 years of age. This pattern is also noted to have a high incidence in older children with urinary tract infection/vesicoureteric reflux, nocturnal enuresis and in other special physiological conditions such as in children undergoing general anaesthesia, in women during pregnancy, and in patients who have had ureteric transplantation. A hypothesis of dual myogenic and neurogenic components is proposed to explain the mode of action of the vesicoureteric junction (VUJ). The implication of this hypothesis is that it alters the scientific basis of the understanding of the VUJ. Furthermore, the application of colour Doppler US to ureteric jets may provide a non-invasive technique to study the physiology or pathophysiology of the VUJ in humans. This might shed light on new novel approaches to the monitoring and treatment of diseases related to VUJ function.