Nanosize hydroxyapatite (nHAp) doped with varying levels of Fe(3+) (Fe-nHAp of average size 75 nm) was synthesized by hydrothermal and microwave techniques. The samples were characterized for physiochemical properties by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), mechanical and dielectric properties. The biological properties like hemocompatibility, antibacterial efficacy, in vitro bioactivity and the cell proliferation of the samples were determined. XRD pattern of the samples were of single phase hydroxyapatite. As the content of Fe(3+) increased, the crystallite size as well as crystallinity decreased along with a morphological change from spherulites to rods. The dielectric constants and Vickers hardness were enhanced on Fe(3+) doping. The VSM studies revealed that the saturation magnetization (M(s)) and retentivity (M(r)) were found to increase for Fe-nHAp. nHAp impregnated with an antibiotic as a new system for drug delivery in the treatment of chronic osteomyelitis was also attempted. The in vitro drug release with an antibiotic amoxicillin and anticancer drug 5-fluorouracil showed sustained release for the lowest concentration of Fe(3+), while with an increase in the content; there was a rapid release of the drug. The hemolytic assay of Fe(3+) doped samples revealed high blood compatibility (<5% hemolysis). The antibacterial activities of the antibiotic impregnated materials were tested against a culture of E. coli, S. epidermidis and S. aureus by agar diffusion test. The in vitro bioactivity test using simulated body fluid (SBF) showed better bone bonding ability by the formation of an apatite layer on the doped samples. The growth of the apatite layer on the samples surface has been confirmed by EDS analysis. The proliferative potential of MG63 cells by MTT assay confirmed the noncytotoxicity of the samples.
Silver Nanoparticles (AgNps) have been widely used in the field of Medicine. This In Vitro study aimed to test (1) the bacterial viability after treating with AgNps and Chlorhexidine (CHX) against E. faecalis biofilm and (2) the anti-bacterial mechanism of action of AgNps.
Sixty single rooted mandibular premolars were selected. The cylindrical midroot sections were enlarged with Gates Gliden dril no: 3. Dentin blocks were contaminated with E. faecalis (ATCC 29212). The samples were divided into three groups based on the medicament that was packed. Group
1: Saline (Control), Group II—2% CHX and Group III-AgNps. At the end of Days 1 and 3, assessment of live and dead cells were carried out by using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The mechanism of antibacterial action was studied by membrane damage of E. faecalis, using
Scanning Electron microscopy. It was also confirmed by membrane permeabilization assay. AgNps showed higher percentage of dead cells compared to CHX. There was no statistically significant difference between placing AgNps as a medicament for Day 1 and Day 3. The membrane damage of E. faecalis
was proved after treating with AgNps.The current study proved the antibacterial efficacy of AgNps in the reduction of the E. faecalis biofilm.
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