The drug/violence relationship has been a recurrent topic of interest in criminology and sociology. This interest began with the crack epidemic in the 1980s and continues due to the consolidation and functioning of the cocaine markets of Latin American drug trafficking organizations. We approach the drug/violence relationship in Pereira (Colombia) which is strategic for the global cocaine market and for the Colombian domestic market. This city has an average homicide rate of 38.5 per 100,000 inhabitants (2010–2019). To test the drug/violence relationship, we used Goldstein’s systemic violence theory and Zimring and Hawkins’ contingent causality theory. We analyze the influence of socioeconomic and drug trafficking variables on homicides between the years 2010 and 2019. Our dataset comes from official Colombian government sources. We performed multivariate regression modeling through structural equation modeling with partial least squares (PLS-SEM). Our model was consistent and obtained statistical significance for all years, resulting in a good approximation to the study of the phenomenon. Based on the evidence, we can affirm that there is a relationship among violence/drug trafficking/socioeconomic disadvantages, thus confirming the contingent causation theory.
The measurement of efficiency in public universities has been a topic of interest for researchers and state officials in Colombia; this article presents a model that transcends the view of productive efficiency, and expands it by including aspects of equity with distributive efficiency, of acceptance by society in the allocative efficiency, and finally with the dynamic efficiency includes the time variable, with which the state can measure the stability of the indicators of interest. For the design of the model, multivariate statistical techniques and non-parametric techniques were used, such as Structural Equation Models, Principal Component Analysis, Data Envelopment Analysis, and the Balanced Scorecard. Different ranks are obtained with which university improvement plans were identified, emphasizing public institutions with high quality accreditation. A Balanced Scorecard is proposed with the indicators extracted from the sector databases that met the conditions of the techniques used. This technique suggests a causal relationship between the indicators of distributive, productive, and allocative efficiencies, where the perspective of inclusion forms the basis of the scorecard, affecting the perspective of education and research and the latter influencing the perspective of impact. Finally, it is concluded that the public university sector has great challenges in terms of inclusion and measurement of the satisfaction of society, as well as showing improvement trends in the measured aspects as reflected in the DEA Malmquist index. As a result, a model is obtained for university administrators to identify the aspects in which they must invest the public budget that guarantees the greater multidimensional efficiency of Colombian public universities.
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