Breast carcinoma shows extensive clinical and molecular heterogenicity. Glycoprotein gp96 is considered a negative prognostic and predictive factor. Controversy exists over the prognostic role of tumor lymphocytic infiltrates. The goal of this study is to illustrate differences in gp96 and CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocytes expression among all immunohistochemical groups of breast carcinoma in relation to the clinical course and outcome of the disease. A retrospective observational study was conducted through processing and analysis of 152 female patient tissue samples previously classified by immunohistochemistry. After immunohistochemical processing, the samples were microscopically analyzed and positive cells were manually calculated in the entire biopsy sample for each patient. In the group of patients with triple negative carcinoma, a significantly higher number of CD4 positive cells in patients with no local recurrence were proven, as well as a significant correlation between a smaller number of CD4 positive cells with a lethal outcome. In the group of patients with Luminal B HER2+ carcinoma, a significantly higher proportion of CD8+ cells in patients with local recurrence were demonstrated. The highest glycoprotein gp96 expression was demonstrated in the group of patients with triple negative carcinoma, while the lowest in patients with Luminal A and Luminal B HER2-carcinoma. This study has shown significantly higher gp96 expression and higher extent of tumor lymphocytic infiltrate in more malignant types of breast carcinoma and represents a significant contribution in affirmation of the prognostic role of these variables.
The aim of this case report is to present a case of a 24-year old male patient with known cholelithiasis who was presented to the emergency department with acute calculous cholecystitis. The patient was initially in sinus rhythm, but during observation converted into a complete heart block. A temporary heart pacemaker was inserted prior to an emergency laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Postoperatively, the patient converted back to sinus rhythm and made a complete recovery. Considering the patient's age, normal cardiac workup and that his arrhythmia disappeared after the removal of his gallbladder, it was postulated that this patient had a case of cardio-biliary reflex. Special attention must be given to patients with acute cholecystitis and electrocardiographic changes. Acute cholecystitis is a treatable cause of a newly diagnosed atrioventricular block, thus immediate cholecystectomy should not be deferred.
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