Hippocampus plays a crucial role in learning and memory and, in spite of its remarkable plasticity, it is also particularly sensitive to stress hormones due to its high concentration of corticosteroid receptors. Indeed, adrenal steroids modulate hippocampal plasticity, acting on excitability and long term potentiation or depression. By a chronobiological approach, we studied the cortisol and DHEAS secretion in clinically healthy old subjects and in age-matched demented patients, including both the degenerative and the vascular type. When compared to young controls, both clinically healthy elderly subjects and demented patients, particularly those with AD, had significantly higher cortisol levels at night time, i.e. at the moment of the maximal sensitivity of HPA axis to stimulatory or inhibitory inputs. At the same time, a clear age- and disease-dependent reduction of DHEAS secretion was found. Thus the cortisol to DHEAS molar ratio was significantly higher in healthy old subjects, and even more in demented patients, when compared to young controls, and significantly linked to both age and cognitive impairment. Finally, the quantitative and qualitative changes of the adrenal secretory pattern were significantly correlated with the decline of hippocampal volumes, measured by MRI. In conclusion, several lines of evidence deal with a pathogenetic role of stress hormones in the occurrence and progression of cognitive disorders in elderly subjects. The consequent hippocampal neuronal impairment may in turn be responsible for the continuous activation of HPA axis and the increased hypothalamic expression of vasopressin and corticotropin releasing hormone.

Melatonin secretion is an endogenous synchronizer, and it may possess some anti-aging properties. Thus we examined melatonin levels in physiological aging, in extreme senescence and in senile dementia. In healthy old (age 66-94 yr) and young subjects (age 23-39 yr) and in demented patients (age 68-91 yr) plasma melatonin was measured by radioimmunoassay in eight serial blood samples. In centenarians (age 100-107 yr) melatonin levels were estimated by assaying urinary 6-hydroxymelatonin sulfate (aMT6s) in two different urine samples collected from 08:00 to 20:00 hours and from 20:00 to 08:00 hours. These data were compared with the aMT6s excretion of old and young controls. Elderly subjects, demented or not, exhibited a flattened circadian profile of plasma melatonin, because of the suppression of the nocturnal peak. An age-related decline of the circadian amplitude of the melatonin rhythm occurred in old subjects, especially in demented individuals. Furthermore, the melatonin nocturnal peak was significantly correlated with the severity of the cognitive impairment. aMT6s urinary excretion also declined with age. However, as in young controls, in centenarians the aMT6s excretion was significantly higher at night than during the day. In conclusion, pineal melatonin secretion is affected by age and by the degree of cognitive impairment. In centenarians the maintenance of the circadian organization of melatonin secretion may suggest that the amplitude of the nocturnal peak and/or the persistence of a prevalent nocturnal secretion may be an important marker of biological age and of health status.