bLgt of Escherichia coli catalyzes the transfer of an sn-1,2-diacylglyceryl group from phosphatidylglycerol to prolipoproteins. The enzyme is essential for growth, as demonstrated here by the analysis of an lgt depletion strain. Cell fractionation demonstrated that Lgt is an inner membrane protein. Its membrane topology was determined by fusing Lgt to -galactosidase and alkaline phosphatase and by substituted cysteine accessibility method (SCAM) studies. The data show that Lgt is embedded in the membrane by seven transmembrane segments, that its N terminus faces the periplasm, and that its C terminus faces the cytoplasm. Highly conserved amino acids in Lgt of both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria were identified. Lgt enzymes are characterized by a so-called Lgt signature motif in which four residues are invariant. Ten conserved residues were replaced with alanine, and the activity of these Lgt variants was analyzed by their ability to complement the lgt depletion strain. Residues Y26, N146, and G154 are absolutely required for Lgt function, and R143, E151, R239, and E243 are important. The results demonstrate that the majority of the essential residues of Lgt are located in the membrane and that the Lgt signature motif faces the periplasm. Bacterial lipoproteins are characterized by their fatty-acylated amino termini via which they are anchored into lipid membranes. They have a wide variety of biological functions in bacteria, such as maintenance of cell envelope architecture (Lpp and Pal) (7, 8), insertion and stabilization of outer membrane proteins (BamB) (40), uptake of nutrients and metals (OppA and SitC) (28), protein folding (PrsA) (24), bacteriocin release (BRP) (42), and adhesion and invasion (OspC and Lmb) (31) (for a recent review, see reference 29). Lipoproteins, which constitute 2 to 3% of bacterial proteomes, are synthesized in the cytoplasm as prolipoproteins and contain a conserved lipoprotein signature motif] that allows recognition by the lipoprotein modification machinery. (The invariant cysteine ϩ1 becomes the first amino acid of the mature protein after modification; residues Ϫ4 to Ϫ1 are cleaved off as part of the signal peptide.) Lipoproteins are inserted into the membrane via the Sec or Tat secretion machinery (52, 53) and are modified on the outer leaflet of the (inner) membrane by the sequential action of three membrane-bound enzymes (Fig. 1). The first step is catalyzed by phosphatidylglycerol::prolipoprotein diacylglyceryl transferase (Lgt) that adds an sn-1,2-diacylglyceryl group, derived from phosphatidylglycerol, to the SH group of cysteine ϩ1 , resulting in the formation of a thioether-linked diacylglyceryl-prolipoprotein and glycerolphosphate as a by-product (48). The second step is catalyzed by signal peptidase II (Lsp) that cleaves diacylglyceryl-prolipoprotein at the amino-terminal end of diacylated cysteine ϩ1 , resulting in apolipoprotein and a signal peptide. The latter is degraded by the action of SppA, also known as factor IV (23,25). The third step is catalyzed ...
Legionella pneumophila, the major causative agent of Legionnaires’ disease, is found in freshwater environments in close association with free-living amoebae and multispecies biofilms, leading to persistence, spread, biocide resistance, and elevated virulence of the bacterium. Indeed, legionellosis outbreaks are mainly due to the ability of this bacterium to colonize and persist in water facilities, despite harsh physical and chemical treatments. However, these treatments are not totally efficient and, after a lag period, L. pneumophila may be able to quickly re-colonize these systems. Several natural compounds (biosurfactants, antimicrobial peptides…) with anti-Legionella properties have recently been described in the literature, highlighting their specific activities against this pathogen. In this review, we first consider this hallmark of Legionella to resist killing, in regard to its biofilm or host-associated life style. Then, we focus more accurately on natural anti-Legionella molecules described so far, which could provide new eco-friendly and alternative ways to struggle against this important pathogen in plumbing.
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