Two models of community attachment in mass society—the linear development model and the systemic model—are reviewed. Based on data from respondents living in 27 communities in north‐central Iowa, population size and density, key variables in the linear‐development model, relate only weakly to community attachment as measured by social bonds and local sentiments. Length of residence, income, and age, which are variables in the systemic model, generally are more strongly related to the bonds and sentiments. Because samples were sufficiently large that data for each community could be analyzed independently, additional tests of the systemic model were possible; results indicate that differences occur among communities within an area thought to be relatively homogeneous.

Further factor analysis of responses to Rosenberg's 10-item self-esteem scale by 1,332 older men living in small communities suggested this was not a unidimensional scale.

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