Soil quality maintenance in a no-tillage system (NTS) depends on cover crops. They are essential for crop rotation, affect several soil attributes, and contribute to phytosanitary control. However, cover crop efficacy is influenced by their root function and the presence of plant straw on soil surfaces. The objective of this study was to compare various winter cover crops in terms of their effects on dry mass yield, straw persistence after 40 d, weed incidence, and soil aggregate stability. The soil tested was an Oxisol Ustox Hapludox in Western Paraná State, southern Brazil. A randomized block design was used with four replicates and six treatments (fallow, black oat, fodder turnip, field pea, common vetch, and fodder turnip + black oat). Cover crops were managed 88 d after sowing. Dry mass (DM) and residual dry mass (RDM) were measured at 20 d and 40 d after harvest. Aggregate stability and weed type and density were evaluated after 40 d of management (DAM). The results showed that black oat obtained the lowest decomposition; therefore, a potential species to be used in the system of crop rotation in the no-tillage. The consorted of fodder turnip and black oat provided relatively higher dry mass yields and improved soil aggregation. Cover crops reduced the incidence of weeds, being important for no-till sustainability.
Bean common bacterial blight reduces crop productivity and is difficult to control. However, biological control by yeast can be an efficient complementary measure in management. The objective was to evaluate the ability of Rhodotorula glutinis and Sporidiobolus johnsonii to reduce the severity of bean common bacterial blight. The cultivar used was IAPAR Tuiuiú. The first experiment was sown in March and repeated in October, in a 4 × 3 factorial scheme (zero, one, two and three applications and three treatments R. glutinis, S. johnsonii and Acibenzolar-S-Methyl (ASM)). For this purpose were evaluated the area under the disease progress curve (AACPD), number of pods per plant (NVP), number of grains per pod (NGV), thousand grain mass (MMG) and productivity. For the results of the March cultivation, due to the low temperature, the maximum severity of bean common bacterial blight was 8% and the applications of yeasts were not significant for AACPD. The isolate R. glutinis showed the highest average of productivity with two applications, being 1006.44 kg ha-1. For October cultivation, R. glutinis and S. johnsonii isolates reduced AACPD by 66.84 and 58.42%, respectively with three applications. For productivity, R. glutinis and S. johnsonii showed no difference between the number of applications. The ASM showed a productivity of 4418.56 kg ha-1 with three applications. The results indicate that the yeasts R. glutinis and S. johnsonii reduce the severity of bean common bacterial blight and the most appropriate number of applications are two for both isolates.
Wheat productivity is compromised by the number of diseases that affect it. The diseases control is basically effected by the use of fungicides, however, biological control has become important due especially to the demand for foods free of chemical compounds. The objective of this work was to evaluate the efficiency of yeasts in reducing diseases through the treatment of wheat seeds and the spraying of plants in the field. The tests were carried out in the field and laboratory, with the yeasts Candida albicans, Cryptococcus laurentii, Pichia guilliermondii, Rhodotorula glutinis, Zygoascus hellenicus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae compared with fungicide (carbendazim) and control with water. In the laboratory, seed health, germination, germination speed index, cold test and accelerated aging were analyzed. In the field, seed treatment and aerial application were carried out when the flag leaf was emitted and the occurrence of diseases, chlorophyll content, production components, productivity and production quality was evaluated. For the variables of production and quality of the wheat in field, the yeast Z. hellenicus was efficient for productivity resembling the fungicide. For the severity of diseases in field, parameters related to germination and seed health, yeasts were not efficient.
With intensive cultivation and the lack of crop rotation, the no-tillage system has been showing compacted areas. For its reduction, mechanical scarification and crop rotation has been recommended. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate in a no-tillage system the effect of mechanical scarification and crop rotation systems on soil porosity and density after 18 months. The experimental design used was randomized blocks in a split-plot scheme, with four replications. The main plots consisted of maintaining the no-tillage system and minimal soil preparation with a chisel, carried out before the cultivation of cover plants. The subplots were composed of different plant species grown in winter: wheat, consortium of forage pea + black oat and consortium of black oat + forage turnip. Both were succeeded by cultivation of soy and lupin. Macroporosity, microporosity, total porosity and bulk density were evaluated. After 18 months, the scarified soil showed a higher bulk density (0.10-0.15 m layer) when compared to the no-tillage system, demonstrating that this isolated decompression alternative does not improve the physical properties of the soil. The area in succession to oat + turnip/soybean/lupin showed lower bulk density.
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