Large agricultural field trials may display irregular spatial trends that cannot be fully captured by a purely randomization-based analysis. For this reason, paralleling the development of analysis-of-variance procedures for randomized field trials, there is a long history of spatial modelling for field trials, starting with the early work of Papadakis on nearest neighbour analysis, which can be cast in terms of first or second differences among neighbouring plot values. This kind of spatial modelling is amenable to a natural extension using P-splines, as has been demonstrated in recent publications in the field. Here, we consider the P-spline framework, focussing on model options that are easy to implement in linear mixed model packages. Two examples serve to illustrate and evaluate the methods. A key conclusion is that first differences are rather competitive with second differences. A further key observation is that second differences require special attention regarding the representation of the null space of the smooth terms for spatial interaction, and that an unstructured variance-covariance structure is required to ensure invariance to translation and rotation of eigenvectors associated with that null space. We develop a strategy that permits fitting this model with ease, but the approach is more demanding than that needed for fitting models using first differences. Hence, even though in other areas second differences are very commonly used in the application of P-splines, our main conclusion is that with field trials first differences have advantages for routine use.
Drastic decline of seahorse population has been observed in the past decade. Evident shows that it is due to the over exploitation of this organism to fulfill demand for aquarium trades and Traditional Chinese Medicine industry (TCM). Considering this condition, seahorse farming is highly justified to ensure this species will not go extinct. In this study, effects of nursing period and water flow rate on the growth and survival of Barbour's seahorse, Hippocampus barbouri juveniles were investigated. Experiments were conducted in glass aquaria for a period of 8 weeks. Survival of seahorse juveniles was more than 80% when nursed for 9 days before being transferred into rearing tank. While the lowest water flow rate (0.056 ms-1) resulted in better growth (height) of juvenile seahorse. These findings indicate that the length of nursing period and water flow rate can significantly affect the growth and survival of H. barbouri juveniles when cultured in captive condition.
the first child of unrelated parents. History.-Normal birth but there was some difficulty in starting respiration. He required oxygen to keep him a good colour. No difficulty in feeding and no coulgh or dyspncea after feeding.28.12.39: Admitted to Central Middlesex County Hospital. Aged 5 weeks. Condition very cyanosed with respiratory distress. Trachea and heart displaced to the left. Marked dullness over the wvhole of the right side of the chest.Progress.-Cyanosis persisted and became worse with increased distress whenever oxygen was stopped. No distress after feeding. Seemed. easier when lying on right side or flat. General conidition became weaker and after several attacks of extreme distress the child died at the age of 6 weeks.X-ray exanziinationt.-Right side of chest completely opaque. Stomach in normal position, and gas outlined intestine in lower part of right chest above normal level of diaphragm.Post morteni.-Eventration of the right dome of the diaphragm with the right side of the chest occtupied mainly by right lobe of liver. Osteopetrosis (Albers-Schonberg Disease) in an Infant of Two Years. -REGINALD
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