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Compilation of temperature preference data. J. Fish. Res. Board Can.34: 139-74s.This report briefly summarizes current informaticn from field and laboratory studies on temperature selection by fishes, with a tabulation of final temperature preferenda and upper and lower avoidance temperatures.On 16sume bribvement dans cet article les connaissances courantes acquises sur le terrain et en laboratoire sur le choix des temp6ratures par les poissons, avec tabulation des temp6ratures pr6f6r6es finales et des temp6ratures d'6vitement sup6rieures et inf6rieures.

Our primary focus is on analysis of the concept of voluntariness, with a secondary focus on the implications of our analysis for the concept and the requirements of voluntary informed consent. We propose that two necessary and jointly sufficient conditions must be satisfied for an action to be voluntary: intentionality, and substantial freedom from controlling influences. We reject authenticity as a necessary condition of voluntary action, and we note that constraining situations may or may not undermine voluntariness, depending on the circumstances and the psychological capacities of agents. We compare and evaluate several accounts of voluntariness and argue that our view, unlike other treatments in bioethics, is not a value-laden theory. We also discuss the empirical assessment of individuals' perceptions of the degrees of noncontrol and self-control. We propose use of a particular Decision Making Control Instrument. Empirical research using this instrument can provide data that will help establish appropriate policies and procedures for obtaining voluntary consent to research.

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A lower temperature limit for aquatic life, in

Background The decision to participate in a research intervention or to undergo medical treatment should be both informed and voluntary. Objective The aim of the present study was to develop an instrument to measure the perceived voluntariness of parents making decisions for their seriously ill children. Methods A total of 219 parents completed questionnaires within 10 days of making such a decision at a large, urban tertiary care hospital for children. Parents were presented with an experimental form of the Decision Making Control Instrument (DMCI), a measure of the perception of voluntariness. Data obtained from the 28-item form were analyzed using a combination of both exploratory and confirmatory factor analytic techniques. Results The 28 items were reduced to nine items representing three oblique dimensions of Self-Control, Absence of Control, and Others’ Control. The hypothesis that the three-factor covariance structure of our model was consistent with that of the data was supported. Internal consistency for the scale as a whole was high (0.83); internal consistency for the subscales ranged from 0.68 to 0.87. DMCI scores were associated with measures of affect, trust, and decision self-efficacy, supporting the construct validity of the new instrument. Conclusion The DMCI is an important new tool that can be used to inform our understanding of the voluntariness of treatment and research decisions in medical settings.