Absmmi-Siftware rnginccrr have dwrlopcd a large hdv (if d t -vidual modules were consistent with the Dumorted hene-* .ware desiyn t h w y and LJkkire. much id which has nevrr I w n vuli- Allow no more than seven descendants to any Do not create or access data items unnecessarily. Some in;portant design practices (e.g., information hiding [ 1 I and data abstraction 121) had to be excluded from this study because they were difiicult to measure and/or implement in Fortran. Many factors weigh against simply upgrading the developnient language: a substantial legacy of previously developed Fortran software. obvious success with the existing language and environment. and lack of a persuasive analysis of the cost ztectiveness of alternatives. This study therefore deals only with a sniall set of design practices likely to be employed in a Fortran-based scientific computing environment.The purpose of this study was to determine whether o r not the observed development cost and fault rate of indimodule. Aeronautics and Space Administration and supported by Computer Sciences Corporation and the University o fMaryland 141. The SEL monitors the development o f software systems for ground-based spacecraft night dynamics applications.The general category of flight dynamics software includes applications that support attitude determination and control. orbit determination and control. and mission analysis. Most of these (primarily Fortran) programs are scientitic and mathematical i n nature. The attitude systems. in particular. form a large and homogeneouh group of software that has been studied extensively.
PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how the use of data mining (DM) analysis can be used to evaluate how well cameras that monitor red‐light‐signal controlled intersections improve traffic safety by reducing fatalities.Design/methodology/approachThe paper demonstrates several different data modeling techniques – decision trees, neural networks, market‐basket analysis and K‐means models. Decision trees build rule sets that can abet future decision making. Neural networks try to predict future outcomes by looking at the effects of historical inputs. Market‐basket analysis shows the strength of the relationships between variables. K‐means models weigh the impact of homogenous clusters on target variables. All of these models are demonstrated using real data gathered by the Department of Transportation from fatal accidents at red‐light‐signal controlled intersections in Maryland and Washington, DC from the year 2000 through 2003.FindingsThe results of the DM analysis will show predictable relationships between the demographic data of drivers and fatal accidents; the type of collision and fatal accidents and between the time of day and fatal accidents.Research limitations/implicationsThe limitations of missing or incomplete data sets are addressed in this paper.Practical implicationsThis paper can act as a guide to follow for red light camera program managers or local municipalities to conduct their own analysis.Originality/valueThis paper builds upon prior research in DM and also extends the body of research that examines the effectiveness of red camera programs as they mature.
Reusing programs and other artifacts has been shown to be an effective strategy for significant reduction of development costs. This article reports on a survey of 128 developers to explore their experiences and perceptions about using other people's code: to what extent does the "not invented here" attitude exist? The survey was structured around a novel and simple "4A" model, which is introduced in this article: for an organization to obtain any benefits from reusing code, four conditions must obtain: availability, awareness, accessibility, and acceptability. The greatest impediments to reuse were shown to be awareness of reusable code and developers' perceptions of its acceptability for use on their new projects. For 72% of developers, the complexity of the old code was cited as a reason that the code was not reused. The survey also included developers' suggestions for ways to take greater advantage of existing code and related artifacts.
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